government

Question 1

prior to the 1530 what did henry viii believe the function of parliament was

Answer 1

granting extrodianry revenue to the crown
passing laws

Question 2

how frequently did parliament meet before 1529

Answer 2

only 4 times
was called once when wolsey was in office

Question 3

how did henry viii assert more control and dominance

Answer 3

surrounded himself with more councillors that was suspicious of the senior ones

Question 4

what traits did Wolsey have that henry could add to his gov

Answer 4

ability to give the king what he wanted
wolseys main concerns were the: legal system, domestic policy, managing the church, foreign policy and political decsion making

Question 5

what was the privvy chamber like before 1519 what did wolsey do to change this

Answer 5

was out of wolseys control
in 1526 passed elthan ordiances which cut privvy chamber from 12 to 6 ensuring the influence over the king was unchallenged

Question 6

what did the court of chancery deal with

Answer 6

wolsey was lord chancellor so oversaw legal system
tried to use it to exhibit fair justice, dealing with problems relating to enclosure, contracts and land left to other in wills

Question 7

why was the court of chancery a failure

Answer 7

he was a victim of his own success and the court became clogged with too many case

Question 8

what was the court of star chamber initially before wolsey

Answer 8

• established by an act of parliament in 1487
  as an offshoot from the kings council

Question 9

how did wolsey extend the court of start chamber

Answer 9

• wolsey extended its use from 1516 to increase cheap and fair justice - hearing cases of alleged misconduct of those powerful in their local committes
• used for priv lawsuits proved to be popular
• encouraged ordinary people to bring cases against those in the upper classes
• He set an overflow tribundal to deal with additional cases

Question 10

what was the long term impact of the court of star chamber

Answer 10

in 1519 a permeant commitees was set up called the court of requests which was to deal with cases involving the poor.

Question 11

how did wolsey collect extrodinary revenue or parlimementary taxation

Answer 11

from taxtpayers

Question 12

what were some financial policies that wolsey changed

Answer 12

• finances: the way subsidies were collected: instead of using a local commissioners to assess taxpayers wealth, he set up a national commitiie that he headed him self - meant assesmeents were more realistic as local commissioners tended to be more generous to local nobility

Question 13

was the new way subsidies were collected a success for collecting money for war

Answer 13

• wolsey used the subsidy to raise money for france in 1522-23
  tried to apply direct pressure rather that constitutional measures
  , however was still an insufficent amount
  as a result parliament in 1523 was called to prrovide the subsidies for the war.
  Parliament was unhappy about wolsey’s demands and so refused to five it him

Question 14

what was the amicable grant

Answer 14

1525
non-parlimentary taxation to make up short-fall in henry’s wars
demanded 1/6 of payments from laymen
and 1/3 from clergymen

Question 15

what was the impact of the amicable grant

Answer 15

• legal framework for its collection was incredibly weak as parlimentary authority could not be levied
• caused widespread
  resistance in kent and east anglia
  The citizens of London agreed not to pay the grant.
• in Suffolk 4,000 people gathered to protest. This area had been affected by a slump in wool prices

Question 16

what was the signficance of the amicable grant

Answer 16

ringleaders were brought to the Star chamber and pardoned and Wolsey even paid for the expenses of the Suffolk men in prison.

Henry bowed before the rebels and stated he would not ask them to pay illegal demands - the blame was firmly aimed at Wolsey.

Although the rebellion was eventually crushed by Norfolk and Suffolk, the rebellion was significant as the government responded with pardons and the demands of the rebels were more or less met. It was also supported by a wide group of people, a cross section of the population - the nobility, clergy and the Commons. The didn’t like Wolsey and Wolsey was blamed.

Question 17

what were the eltham ordiances

Answer 17

1526
- reforms on the privvy chamber
- meant to refor the finances of the privvy council by reducing house hold expenditure
- wolsey did this to reduce gentleman in the privvy chamber from 12 to 6
- he dropped the reforms because he managed to gain enough influence by reforming the privvy council

Question 18

why did wolsey cause the eltham ordiances

Answer 18

he could not control the privvy chamber so the next best thing was to control their influence over the king
he was worried that the failure of the amicable grant meant that he would lose influence over the king

Question 19

who did wolsey replace

Answer 19

• wolsey replaced groom on the stool william compton with compliant henry norris

Question 20

what were the domestic policies under wolsey

Answer 20

• court of chancery
• court of star chamber
• finance
• the eltham ordiances

Question 21

what was the goverment between wolsey and cronwell called

Answer 21

conciliar government, all decisions were made by the council,
lasted 3 years

Question 22

why did cronwell rise to power quickly

Answer 22

he made a proposal to secure the annulment
suggested king break from rome and place himself as head of an english church
by 1532 he was kings cheif minister

Question 23

how was a central government under wolsey achieved

Answer 23

• reorganisation of financial departments
• creation of a privy council
• gov was replaced by a gov under the king

Question 24

what was the concept of a modern govenrment

Answer 24

based on properly constituted departments that worked according to agreed roles
was less open to the influence of an individual
could function without the constant supervision of a monarch

Question 25

how did the kings income change under cronwell

Answer 25

previously had been received by individual officers whose conduct was not regulated
this change to legally constitutued departments which were effectivley audited

Question 26

under cronwell how did the handling of church wealth extend

Answer 26

previously duchy of landcaster administers the extensive lands from house of lancaster this was an existing deparment

new courts were were established: the model the court of first fruits and tenths and the Court of Augumentations would handle churhc wealth

Question 27

what else did cronwell do to the kings finances

Answer 27

• put kings chamber under tighter regulation with regards to royal estated
• he developed off the already existing slow Exchequer by devloping a series of as hoc solutions to a particular problem - this improved the efficency but it was not a revolutionary change

Question 28

how was the large council reformed in the 1530s

Answer 28

a more formal privvy council was set up reducing the large council members from 70-90 to 20 trusted permeant coucillors
this was assumed responsibilyt for the day to day running of the government

Question 29

was the creation of the privy council a fundamental change

Answer 29

no
was structured along the lines of wolsey’s eltham ordiances of 1526
also
Historian Guy argued council was a product of the pilgramage of grace

Question 30

was the privvy council a success

Answer 30

not entirley
cronwell did not let it operate between 1527-1540 as it had a large number of cronwells opponents so he did not let it operate

only developed after cronwells execution

Question 31

what are eltons claims about cronwells achievement of a revoultion

Answer 31

• he argues there was radical change in henrys governemnt
• that cronwell advanced the power of the state and improved the comptency of parliament with state
• argues that cronwell had aims of bringing regiouns under the control of a central goverment and so would create a jurisdictional entity

Question 32

how was the incoportation of wales into england achieved

Answer 32

act of union 1536 incoroporated wales into the english legal and adminstartaive system
wales set 24 mp to parliament and english law replaced welsh customs
english became the language of documentation and officials

Question 33

what was the impact of wales joining with england

Answer 33

made it easier for england to collect taxes in wales
brought in legal consitency into wales through ending use of welsh law
measures were popular with the Welsh gentry who saw the Acts as bringing legal equality with English citizen

Question 34

was the north a revolutionary change

Answer 34

no
as after the pilgramge of grace cronwell just worked on rebuilding his authority

Question 35

was the council of the west a revolutionary change

Answer 35

no
was set up in 1539 after the execution of the leading nobleman there - marquis of exeter
but the council of the west did not outlive cronwell

Question 36

was the regions a revolutionary change made under cronwell

Answer 36

only wales was
the other just strengthed the power of the crown

Question 37

what was the govenment during the final years of 1540-47

Answer 37

• concillar government was restored
• privvy council now had a fixed memebrship supported by a formal record of procceeding

Question 38

was henry controlled by factions in 1540 - 57

Answer 38

yes
progressive faction gained control at the end of henrys reign
norfolk and gradiners fall from grace allowed the reform faction to dominate memebrship of regency council
the dry stamp allowed the earl of hertford to alter a versio of henrys will by adding extra provisions to the 1544 succession act strengthenedthe of the power of the regency council

no
did not allow catherine parr to be charge with treason
allowed cranmer to investgated the charges of hersay against himself
change in direction of relgion, six articles of 1539 seems to reflect kings own beliefes
triedto balance the council with reformers and conservatives

Question 39

how was norfolk signficant in 1540-47

Answer 39

• was politically wounded after the execution of neice catherine howard after she had an affair with cousin thomas clpepper
• although norffolk extricated himself he was still worried about henrys marriaged to catherine parr so embroiled her in accusation of hersay
• norfolks son the duke of suffolk was executed for treason and norfolk was sent to the tower but was never executed as henry died on the day

Question 40

what wolseys fall due to

Answer 40

failed to secure annulment
charged with parmenure as put pope before king
also wrote to charles and francis so committed treason

Question 41

what was the act of supremacy

Answer 41

1534
made henry the supreme head of the church

Question 42

what was the treason act

Answer 42

1534
was lander to speak against kings name

Question 43

what were the succession acts

Answer 43

1534 made henrys marriage to catherine invalid and marriage to anne valid
1544 named edward the heir then if she died it would be elizabeth

Question 44

what were the acts of resumptions

Answer 44

1536 reduced the independence of durham lanchashire and chesire but the palatinate court till operated

Question 45

what did the court of argumentations do

Answer 45

control money of church that related to land and finances gained by the churhc

Question 46

what was the court of first fruits and tenths

Answer 46

collected money previously sent to rome

Question 47

what was the league of schmalkalden and why did it cause to cronwells downfall

Answer 47

• 1540
• Cronwell tried to reconcille Henry into it, it was an organisation of Protestant German princes and free cities within the Holy Roman Empire, by arranging a marriage with a Protestant princess, Anne of Cleves.
• Anne proved to be personally unsuited to Henry and the match became unwelcome on a political level as well as the threat of invasion from
• Charles V lessened as he went back to war with Francis I. The marriage was quickly annulled.

Question 48

How was the break from Rome achieved?

Answer 48

• Acts of Parliament. Consequentley set the supremacy of satutue law (parlimenatary) over canon law (church)

Question 49

how did henry and cronwell try to put pressure on the pope

Answer 49

• In 1531 the clergy were collectively accused of praemunire. This was the start of an attack on the clergy who would be forced to acknowledge that Henry was “Protector and Supreme head of the English Church” so far as “the law of Christ allowed”.

v In 1532 the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates withheld the first year’s income from the office of bishop which the papacy had traditionally enjoyed.

v In 1532 the clergy were required to formally submit to Henry VIII. Sir Thomas More resigned as Lord Chancellor.

Question 50

summarise the marriage of henry to anne boleyn and the impact

Answer 50

Henry and Anne were married in secret on 25 January 1533 as Anne was already pregant as of Deccember 1932.
Marriages was annuled in may 1933
Henry had a legitmate child but was girl on septemtember 1933

Question 51

what were the acts of parliament that enabled the break from rome