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henry viii > government > Flashcards

government Flashcards

1
Q

prior to the 1530 what did henry viii believe the function of parliament was

A

granting extrodianry revenue to the crown
passing laws

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2
Q

how frequently did parliament meet before 1529

A

only 4 times
was called once when wolsey was in office

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3
Q

how did henry viii assert more control and dominance

A

surrounded himself with more councillors that was suspicious of the senior ones

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4
Q

what traits did Wolsey have that henry could add to his gov

A

ability to give the king what he wanted
wolseys main concerns were the: legal system, domestic policy, managing the church, foreign policy and political decsion making

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5
Q

what was the privvy chamber like before 1519 what did wolsey do to change this

A

was out of wolseys control
in 1526 passed elthan ordiances which cut privvy chamber from 12 to 6 ensuring the influence over the king was unchallenged

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6
Q

what did the court of chancery deal with

A

wolsey was lord chancellor so oversaw legal system
tried to use it to exhibit fair justice, dealing with problems relating to enclosure, contracts and land left to other in wills

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7
Q

why was the court of chancery a failure

A

he was a victim of his own success and the court became clogged with too many case

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8
Q

what was the court of star chamber initially before wolsey

A
  • established by an act of parliament in 1487
    as an offshoot from the kings council
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9
Q

how did wolsey extend the court of start chamber

A
  • wolsey extended its use from 1516 to increase cheap and fair justice - hearing cases of alleged misconduct of those powerful in their local committes
  • used for priv lawsuits proved to be popular
  • encouraged ordinary people to bring cases against those in the upper classes
  • He set an overflow tribundal to deal with additional cases
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10
Q

what was the long term impact of the court of star chamber

A

in 1519 a permeant commitees was set up called the court of requests which was to deal with cases involving the poor.

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11
Q

how did wolsey collect extrodinary revenue or parlimementary taxation

A

from taxtpayers

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12
Q

what were some financial policies that wolsey changed

A
  • finances: the way subsidies were collected: instead of using a local commissioners to assess taxpayers wealth, he set up a national commitiie that he headed him self - meant assesmeents were more realistic as local commissioners tended to be more generous to local nobility
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13
Q

was the new way subsidies were collected a success for collecting money for war

A
  • wolsey used the subsidy to raise money for france in 1522-23
    tried to apply direct pressure rather that constitutional measures
    , however was still an insufficent amount
    as a result parliament in 1523 was called to prrovide the subsidies for the war.
    Parliament was unhappy about wolsey’s demands and so refused to five it him
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14
Q

what was the amicable grant

A

1525
non-parlimentary taxation to make up short-fall in henry’s wars
demanded 1/6 of payments from laymen
and 1/3 from clergymen

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15
Q

what was the impact of the amicable grant

A
  • legal framework for its collection was incredibly weak as parlimentary authority could not be levied
  • caused widespread
    resistance in kent and east anglia
    The citizens of London agreed not to pay the grant.
  • in Suffolk 4,000 people gathered to protest. This area had been affected by a slump in wool prices
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16
Q

what was the signficance of the amicable grant

A

ringleaders were brought to the Star chamber and pardoned and Wolsey even paid for the expenses of the Suffolk men in prison.

Henry bowed before the rebels and stated he would not ask them to pay illegal demands - the blame was firmly aimed at Wolsey.

Although the rebellion was eventually crushed by Norfolk and Suffolk, the rebellion was significant as the government responded with pardons and the demands of the rebels were more or less met. It was also supported by a wide group of people, a cross section of the population - the nobility, clergy and the Commons. The didn’t like Wolsey and Wolsey was blamed.

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17
Q

what were the eltham ordiances

A

1526
- reforms on the privvy chamber
- meant to refor the finances of the privvy council by reducing house hold expenditure
- wolsey did this to reduce gentleman in the privvy chamber from 12 to 6
- he dropped the reforms because he managed to gain enough influence by reforming the privvy council

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18
Q

why did wolsey cause the eltham ordiances

A

he could not control the privvy chamber so the next best thing was to control their influence over the king
he was worried that the failure of the amicable grant meant that he would lose influence over the king

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19
Q

who did wolsey replace

A
  • wolsey replaced groom on the stool william compton with compliant henry norris
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20
Q

what were the domestic policies under wolsey

A
  • court of chancery
  • court of star chamber
  • finance
  • the eltham ordiances
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21
Q

what was the goverment between wolsey and cronwell called

A

conciliar government, all decisions were made by the council,
lasted 3 years

22
Q

why did cronwell rise to power quickly

A

he made a proposal to secure the annulment
suggested king break from rome and place himself as head of an english church
by 1532 he was kings cheif minister

23
Q

how was a central government under wolsey achieved

A
  • reorganisation of financial departments
  • creation of a privy council
  • gov was replaced by a gov under the king
24
Q

what was the concept of a modern govenrment

A

based on properly constituted departments that worked according to agreed roles
was less open to the influence of an individual
could function without the constant supervision of a monarch

25
how did the kings income change under cronwell
previously had been received by individual officers whose conduct was not regulated this change to legally constitutued departments which were effectivley audited
26
under cronwell how did the handling of church wealth extend
previously duchy of landcaster administers the extensive lands from house of lancaster this was an existing deparment new courts were were established: the model the court of first fruits and tenths and the Court of Augumentations would handle churhc wealth
27
what else did cronwell do to the kings finances
- put kings chamber under tighter regulation with regards to royal estated - he developed off the already existing slow Exchequer by devloping a series of as hoc solutions to a particular problem - this improved the efficency but it was not a revolutionary change
28
how was the large council reformed in the 1530s
a more formal privvy council was set up reducing the large council members from 70-90 to 20 trusted permeant coucillors this was assumed responsibilyt for the day to day running of the government
29
was the creation of the privy council a fundamental change
no was structured along the lines of wolsey's eltham ordiances of 1526 also Historian Guy argued council was a product of the pilgramage of grace
30
was the privvy council a success
not entirley cronwell did not let it operate between 1527-1540 as it had a large number of cronwells opponents so he did not let it operate only developed after cronwells execution
31
what are eltons claims about cronwells achievement of a revoultion
- he argues there was radical change in henrys governemnt - that cronwell advanced the power of the state and improved the comptency of parliament with state - argues that cronwell had aims of bringing regiouns under the control of a central goverment and so would create a jurisdictional entity
32
how was the incoportation of wales into england achieved
act of union 1536 incoroporated wales into the english legal and adminstartaive system wales set 24 mp to parliament and english law replaced welsh customs english became the language of documentation and officials
33
what was the impact of wales joining with england
made it easier for england to collect taxes in wales brought in legal consitency into wales through ending use of welsh law measures were popular with the Welsh gentry who saw the Acts as bringing legal equality with English citizen
34
was the north a revolutionary change
no as after the pilgramge of grace cronwell just worked on rebuilding his authority
35
was the council of the west a revolutionary change
no was set up in 1539 after the execution of the leading nobleman there - marquis of exeter but the council of the west did not outlive cronwell
36
was the regions a revolutionary change made under cronwell
only wales was the other just strengthed the power of the crown
37
what was the govenment during the final years of 1540-47
- concillar government was restored - privvy council now had a fixed memebrship supported by a formal record of procceeding
38
was henry controlled by factions in 1540 - 57
yes progressive faction gained control at the end of henrys reign norfolk and gradiners fall from grace allowed the reform faction to dominate memebrship of regency council the dry stamp allowed the earl of hertford to alter a versio of henrys will by adding extra provisions to the 1544 succession act strengthenedthe of the power of the regency council no did not allow catherine parr to be charge with treason allowed cranmer to investgated the charges of hersay against himself change in direction of relgion, six articles of 1539 seems to reflect kings own beliefes triedto balance the council with reformers and conservatives
39
how was norfolk signficant in 1540-47
- was politically wounded after the execution of neice catherine howard after she had an affair with cousin thomas clpepper - although norffolk extricated himself he was still worried about henrys marriaged to catherine parr so embroiled her in accusation of hersay - norfolks son the duke of suffolk was executed for treason and norfolk was sent to the tower but was never executed as henry died on the day
40
what wolseys fall due to
failed to secure annulment charged with parmenure as put pope before king also wrote to charles and francis so committed treason
41
what was the act of supremacy
1534 made henry the supreme head of the church
42
what was the treason act
1534 was lander to speak against kings name
43
what were the succession acts
1534 made henrys marriage to catherine invalid and marriage to anne valid 1544 named edward the heir then if she died it would be elizabeth
44
what were the acts of resumptions
1536 reduced the independence of durham lanchashire and chesire but the palatinate court till operated
45
what did the court of argumentations do
control money of church that related to land and finances gained by the churhc
46
what was the court of first fruits and tenths
collected money previously sent to rome
47
what was the league of schmalkalden and why did it cause to cronwells downfall
- 1540 - Cronwell tried to reconcille Henry into it, it was an organisation of Protestant German princes and free cities within the Holy Roman Empire, by arranging a marriage with a Protestant princess, Anne of Cleves. - Anne proved to be personally unsuited to Henry and the match became unwelcome on a political level as well as the threat of invasion from - Charles V lessened as he went back to war with Francis I. The marriage was quickly annulled.
48
How was the break from Rome achieved?
- Acts of Parliament. Consequentley set the supremacy of satutue law (parlimenatary) over canon law (church)
49
how did henry and cronwell try to put pressure on the pope
- In 1531 the clergy were collectively accused of praemunire. This was the start of an attack on the clergy who would be forced to acknowledge that Henry was “Protector and Supreme head of the English Church” so far as “the law of Christ allowed”. v In 1532 the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates withheld the first year’s income from the office of bishop which the papacy had traditionally enjoyed. v In 1532 the clergy were required to formally submit to Henry VIII. Sir Thomas More resigned as Lord Chancellor.
50
summarise the marriage of henry to anne boleyn and the impact
Henry and Anne were married in secret on 25 January 1533 as Anne was already pregant as of Deccember 1932. Marriages was annuled in may 1933 Henry had a legitmate child but was girl on septemtember 1933
51
what were the acts of parliament that enabled the break from rome

henry viii (4 decks)

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