Foreign Policy and securing the succession

Question 1

what were hery viii aims

Answer 1

1. To conquer land in France, like Henry V and Edward III
2. To close the back door in Scotland.
3. To make England a key player in Europe and compete with France and the HRE.
4. To secure a divorce and so the succession through diplomacy.

Question 2

what were early relations like with Spain

Answer 2

They Allies against the war in France in 1512-1513 but Ferdinand’s lack of support for English forces led to disaster at Gascony.

Question 3

What was the impact of the divorce regarding foreign relations

Answer 3

The annulment to Catherine of Aragon made relations worse due to Charles V, King of Spain being nephew to catherine

Question 4

How did Henry’s councils continue his fathers foreign policy
what did henry do about this

Answer 4

At the start of the reign Henry’s councillors continued his father’s policy of peace. The Treaty of Etaples was renewed in 1510. However, Henry wanted to achieve glory through war with France like his ancestor, Henry V.
freed himself from his councillors who desired peace and organised a french campaign showing he found it difficult to initially organise french invasion himself

Question 5

What was Henry’s early attempt to fight france
what was the outcome

Answer 5

Henry got his chance to fight France with the creation of the Holy League, an anti-French alliance of England, Spain, the HRE, Venice and the Papacy. In 1512 Henry sent an army of 10,000 men to France under the command of the Marquis of Dorset. This achieved nothing and was used as a diversionary tactic by Ferdinand of Aragon to conquer Navarre.
In 1513 Henry led a force to north eastern France. He won the Battle of the Spurs and captured the towns of Tournai and Therouanne.

Question 6

What was the treaty of St Germain En Laye
Year and who with
was this suuccesful

Answer 6

The Treaty signed with France in 1514 gave Henry the prestige he wanted. He kept Tournai and Therouanne and an increased pension. His sister, Mary, was married to the French King, Louis XII.
However, Tournai was eventually sold back to the French for less than it had cost to repair its defences after the siege.

Question 7

What was the outcome of Henry’s plans to attack France in 1514

Answer 7

• A further campaign was contemplated but Ferdinand and Maximilian made separate peace.
• Left Wolsey to pick up the peaces which he did to with skilL: He recovered the Etaples pension and secured marriage between his younger sister Mary and Louis xii who was much older

Question 8

why did the influence of scotland weaken the realtions between france and england

Answer 8

They has an “auld alliance” which continually maintained strength. France and Scotland remained allies. If there was tension between France and England then Anglo-Scottish relations were also tense.

Question 9

what was the impact of the recent succession of Francis I on henry’s diplomacy

Answer 9

• in 1515 Francis succeeded Louis XII, Henry saw him as a personal rival.
• henry failed to make an alliance with ferdinand of aragon who died in 1516 as - - Ferdinand’s successor Charles V sought an alliance with the french in 1517
• This led to the treaty of cambrai with charles v, maximillian and Ferdinand leaving England dangerously isolated

Question 10

why were there concerns over the presumptive heir of scotland
How was this solved

Answer 10

• Through the treaty of cambrai Francis was able to undermine anglo scottish relations through by appointing the duke of albany, a memebr of the french nobility who was appointed as a regent to the scottish throne
  This worried Wolsey and Henry who saw Albany as a French agent. His threat was lessened by the divisions within the Scottish nobility.

Question 11

What was the Treaty of london

Answer 11

1518
- England agreed to return Tournai to France and the French agreed to pay the English a pension.
- The French agreed to keep Albany out of Scotland.
- The French were concerned about Spain’s increased power as its king, Charles V, had been elected Holy Roman Emperor. The improved relations between France and England
- made henry appear as an abribiter of peace

Question 12

what were the results of thr 1522 and 1523 attempts to invade france

Answer 12

The campaigns achieved little as the promised support from Charles V did not turn up. The campaigns were costly and parliament was asked to provide a subsidy to fund them.

Question 13

Why was the Treaty Of Bruges negated

Answer 13

Henry hosted the Field of the Cloth of Gold, which seeked a peacful approach to gain land in France
- Henry wanted to gain more territory in France doing this by concluding a marriage alliance between francis son and Henry’s daughter, Mary.

Question 14

what was the battle of pavia and what year

Answer 14

1525 was a recurring conflict of the itlaian wars that england was only a sideshow in.

Question 15

What was the Legaue of Cognac

Answer 15

1526
Henrys attempts to move towards more pro Fench Policy which had been put together by the Pope to counter-balance the power of the emperor in northern Italy following his victory of Pavia

Question 16

what was the anglo-french treaty

Answer 16

1514
-Due to factors outside his control and the costly nature of war, Henry was forced to make peace with France.
-In the negotiation for peace, the treaty between France and England proved to be beneficial for Henry:
-England remained in possession of Tournai (the land it had won a year before).
-Henry gained a much needed, new financial source; Louis XII agreed to pay English pension (£10,000 per year).
-Secured political alliance between France and England via the marriage between Henry’s younger sister Mary and King Louis XII.

Question 17

What was the consequence of the treaty of cambrai

Answer 17

-This showed that England was not considered influential or powerful in foreign affairs as other countries didn’t feel the need to include England in negotiations/ treaties.
- Francis could undermine Anglo-Scottish relations

Question 18

what was the peace of cambrai in 1529

Answer 18

1529- This treaty again left England out, it established peace between France and Spain- the union of two powerful countries ‘against England’ (‘Legate a Latere’ wasn’t even informed on the occurrence of this treaty- embarrassing). France abandoned England and their alliance just a mere two years after the Treaty of Amiens (1527). This treaty meant that France gave up its ambitions in Italy and it showcased the papacy’s dependance on the emperor.
This treaty made henry getting a divorce through diplomacy virtually impossibele

Question 19

what was the significance and accounts of henrys 1544 war

Answer 19

• Henry concluded an anti-alliance with Charles V to march on paris so in 1544 Henry set off at the head of his army despite his health problems.
• the English were supposed to march on Paris but they confined themselves to the area around Calais.
• succeeded in capturing Boulogne.

Question 20

what was the signficance of 1544 invasion of france

Answer 20

Although, Charles V made a separate peace with France.
However, the French failed to recapture Boulogne and northern England was not invaded at the battle of Ancrum
Peace was agreed in 1546. To fund his campaign, Henry had sold large amount of land gained from the Dissolution and he had debased the coinage

Question 21

What was the Treaty of Bruges

Answer 21

1521
negotiated with charles V, could:
improve relations with the pope who was concerned over increased french control in northern italy
he believed he could gain more territory in france with his support
the deal entailed an alliance with henrys daughter mary and the emporer

Question 22

What year did Charles capture the pope
what impact did this

Answer 22

In 1527 Charles V sacked Rome and held the Pope prisoner. As he was Catherine of Aragon’s nephew held that the Pope was unlikely to antagonise him by granting the divorce. Wolsey now tried to put pressure on Charles V.

Question 23

How did Wolsey seek to attempt to get Charles to release the pope

Answer 23

Through putting pressure on the emperor by imposing a trade embargo with the Burgundian lands but it just harmed the cloth trade.
Treaty of aimens anti imperial alliance with france but was undermined by the when the french joined treaty of cambrai

Question 24

what did henry do in order to get a divorce

Answer 24

break from Rome to resolve his Great Matter. This horrified the Catholic powers.

Question 25

why did the pressure of the divorce lessen on henry in 1536

Answer 25

the death of Catherine of Aragon and the execution of Anne Boleyn meant there could be a renewed alliance with the emperor. The renewed fighting between France and Charles V lessened the risk of invasion.

Question 26

Why was Henry unable to be match to France and Spain when was this shown

Answer 26

England did not have the financial revenue that Spain and France did
shown in 1525 when he was unable to share in spoils of the Battle of Pavia because of the failure of the Amicable Grant meant he was unable to raise an army

Question 27

how did the treaty of london show england as a player on the european stage

Answer 27

Wolsey ended England’s isolation in the Treaty of London, 1518.
This was a treaty of perpetual peace, a non-aggression pact, agreed by England, France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and numerous small states.
It was a diplomatic coup for Wolsey and because the Pope needed a united Christian front against the Ottoman Turks,
as a result wolsey was appointed papal legate. In 1518 wolsey was at the height of his prestige
It also made England appear as the arbiter of peace in Europe and enhanced its status

Question 28

what was the field of cloth of fold

Answer 28

1520. This was a meeting between Francis I and Henry VIII near Calais. It was a lavish event with fountains of wine. It cost about £15,000. It did not achieve any tangible results but did show that England was seen as equal to France.

Question 29

what was the treaty of westminister

Answer 29

1527
-Wolsey’s attempt to unite France and England against Charles V.
-I Mary again was offered for a diplomatic marriage to Francis I second son.
-Henry threatened Charles with armed intervention (with military power he didn’t have) if he did not make peace (completely ignored by Charles V).
-The treaty proved futile in achieving its aim as Charles went ahead with his plans in Rome, imprisoning Pope Clement VII. This was a disaster for Wolsey as not only did it show that Charles V did not take this treaty seriously nor did he consider England as even a moderate threat, but also, securing an annulment through the pope who was now imprisoned by someone against the divorce (Charles V) was somewhat impossible.
-Essentially the confirmation of Wolsey’s downfall.

Question 30

what was the treaty of nice
year

Answer 30

1538 Charles V and Francis agreed to sever connections with England.
The Pope published a bull deposing Henry and this allowed English Catholics to disobey their ruler.
The Pope sent envoys to France and Scotland to rouse support for a Catholic crusade against Henry. Although Francis and Charles did not trust each other but still it made Henry worried.

Question 31

why did foreign policy ireland fail

Answer 31

In 1534 the Earl of Kildare was dismissed. His son, Thomas Fitzgerald, rebelled, and this was put down with difficulty.
· Attempts to bring Ireland under English control failed. In 1539 two Irish nobles invaded the Pale, the area of land around Dublin. The government regained control and tried to establish it as a separate kingdom in 1541, imposing English laws and creating counties.
• The government lacked the resources to carry this through.
• Kildare was re-appointed undermining the previous policies

Question 32

what year was the battles of flodden
what was the impact

Answer 32

1513
James IV crossed into England, was defeated by an unorganised army led by the Earl of Surrey
Left with no suitable heir
Due to him running out of money he was unable to exploit the weaknesses of Scotland
Meant he had to move to pro french policy reinforced by bethrothal between his sister mary and louis xiii

Question 33

what years were the policies of rough wooing what was the impact

Answer 33

1544 and 1545
damaged Anglo-scottish relations and reignited scttish french alliance and an invasion through the back door

Question 34

why did henry’s policy of rough wooing fail

Answer 34

Henry sought to marry his son, Edward, to Mary, Queen of Scots. The Scottish regent, the Earl of Arran, appeared to support this. The betrothal was agreed at the Treaty of Greenwich, 1543.
Arran turned his back on the agreement and the Scottish parliament refused to ratify the treaty. Henry ordered Hertford to burn Edinburgh and the Lowlands. This served to antagonise the Scots further and made matters difficult for his successor. It also renewed the alliance between Scotland and France

Question 35

who did henry have 2 daughters with what were there names

Answer 35

Catherine and Henry had one daughter, Mary. Henry broke from Rome to secure the succession. He married Anne Boleyn in January 1533. She gave birth to Princess Elizabeth in September 1533.

Question 36

what was the battle of spurs

Answer 36

1513
Henry seizing french territory (Therouanne and Tournai) with little resistance.
- was short term success
-With the help of Wolsey’s costly campaign, waged war and led an army against traditional enemy France.
- Enhanced Henry’s national popularity presenting him as the glorious, brave king he wanted to be.
Very Expensive of the campaign, the crown’s finances were rapidly decreasing (Henry VIII had spent most of the money in his fathers treasury) meaning England could not afford to continue the war bringing about the Anglo-French treaty.

Question 37

how succesful was henrys foreign policy

Answer 37

Henry’s early foreign policy was flexible and volatile by nature; encountering both its successes and failures. Many of Henry’s early successes in Europe were short-lived as a result of stronger, more dominant European powers working behind his back and dismissing his authority or lack thereof. England was merely a pawn between Spain and France’s power struggle for European dominance.

Henry’s ultimate foreign policy aim: to become powerful and influential in Europe, no matter what he and key advisor (Wolsey) turned to, was impossibly to reach, due to factor’s outside of Henry and Wolsey’s control. England during Henry’s early reign was simply not important or powerful enough for any of its policies to be effective without support (Henry VII recognised this, implementing a peaceful foreign policy). England could not act alone- it needed allies. Wolsey’s treaties only proved successful with the backing of other politically larger nations.

Question 38

what was the significance of the treaty of nice in relation to the introduction of the 6 Articles

Answer 38

The Six Articles of 1539 were intended to reassure English Catholics and this fear also explains his decision to marry Anne of Cleves.

Question 39

what was the act of succession 1534 and 1536

Answer 39

1534 - recognised Elizabeth’s position as heir and declared Mary illegitimate.
1536 - recognised elizabeths illgetmacy following annes treason

Question 40

who was henry’s illegitimate heir
who was henry’s actual heir and what conditions did he inherit the throne under

Answer 40

At this point Henry thought about making his son with Bessie Blount, the Duke of Richmond, legitimate. However, he died.
· Prince Edward, a legitimate heir, was born in 1537.
· Henry’s health problems meant it would be likely that Edward would be a minor when he succeeded.

Question 41

what was the succession act of 1543
what was outlined in henry’s will

Answer 41

The Succession Act of 1543, which received royal assent in 1544,
re-legitimised Mary and Elizabeth. These arrangements were confirmed in Henry’s will of 1546. It also set up a regency council to act on Edward’s behalf
further laid out

Question 42

what were the impact of henry viii 1512-13 military adventures

Answer 42

• war was very costly, he had to liquidate his fathers inheritance
• there was a return of problems from 1489 about taxation in Yorkshire which only narrowly missed turning into a full scale revolt
• the renegotiated french pension

Question 43

what was the advanatge of the an

Question 44

what did henry suggest for the battle of pavia

Answer 44

that him and charles lauch a joint invasion into northern france in order to achieve territorial gains
Charles rejected this which rejected this.
As a result henry could not afford to contribute in the spoils due the controversy of the amicable grant showing that it did not have public support
it brusied henrys ego
charles repudiated his marriage to henrys daughter mary
wolseys domestic prestige never fully recovered from this

Question 45

how did the divorce affect henry

Answer 45

The kings great mattters meant england remained a relativley weak and minor power in euroupe

Question 46

what was the battle of landriano

Answer 46

1529 charles v proved his strength and his dominance over the pope

Question 47

what is the battle of solway moss

Answer 47

english invasion of scotland in 1542