gothic- northern- early italian

Question 1

Duccio, Maesta (Virgin and Child Enthroned in Majesty)

Answer 1

• altarpiece
• Siena, Italy
• tempura on wood panel
• duccio innovative for his time w/ constraints & expectations of gothic art practices

Question 2

Giotto, Madonna Enthroned

Answer 2

• tempura on wood
• similar to byzantine style (thin features/ gold bg/ symmetry/ halos) but different bc of deeper space/ 3D drapery
• unified gazes at mary
• blue gown associated with royalty, peace and nature

Question 3

the lamentation, giotto

Answer 3

• fresco from the Arena Chapel

- innovative as asymmetrical/ chaotic/ therefore emotive and reflective of Christ’s death

Question 4

the annunciation, simone martini

Answer 4

• tempura and gold on wood
• flowing lines, weightless figures, elegant shapes, color = surface splendor
• no space
• symbolism: olive branch, lily on vase, holy spirit

Question 5

birth of the virgin, pietro lorenzetti

Answer 5

• tempura on panel
• based on observation of everyday world
• interior based on italian home of that time (spacious stage-like effect)
• trompe l’oieil effect (wood frame cut across image)
• st. anne and joachim (mary’s parents)

Question 6

limbourg brothers, tres riches heures de duc de berry

Answer 6

• illuminated manuscript
• book or hours (prayers to say at certain times of the day)
• 3 painters

Question 7

altarpiece

Answer 7

painting on wood, above/behind an altar

Question 8

gold leaf

Answer 8

hammered gold usually used for gilding

Question 9

merode altarpiece, robert campin

Answer 9

oil on wood/ small private chapel, bc many worshipped at home/ integrated biblical scenes in everyday life (made stronger bond w worshippers)/ left are patrons/ flemish interior n architecture/ symbolism: lilies, mouse trap, closed garden, flowers

Question 10

jan van eyck, arnolfini double portrait

Answer 10

oil on panel/ flemish bedroom w symbolic meaning: finial above bedpost= st margaret, patron st. of childbirth, candle and mirror= all seeing God, small medallions around mirror= salvation, man near window= outside world, woman near bed= inside

Question 11

roguer van der weyden, deposition altarpiece

Answer 11

• oil on wood
• dynamic compositions, stressed human action/ drama
• emotionally stirring

Question 12

garden of earthly delights, hieronymus bosch

Answer 12

• central panel: depiction of sin of man
• right panel: depiction of hell
• larger themes: negative view of human nature, protestant reformation (criticism of catholicism)

Question 13

iconography

Answer 13

visual images and symbols in a work of art

Question 14

oil paint

Answer 14

paste made of ground pigment and oil (linseed)

Question 15

triptych

Answer 15

work of art divided in 3 sections, usually panels that can be folded shut or displayed open

Question 16

polytych

Answer 16

painting, altarpiece, w 2 or more than 3 leaves or panels joined by hinges or folds

Question 17

dome (florence cathedral), filippo brunelleschi

Answer 17

• innovative dome design/ogival arch dome: more stable bc reduces outward thrust around base 24 rib system/ 2 thin skeletal walls (provides access inside for repairs) 8 biggest ribs: visible on outside
• dome matches gothic style/ not usual style

Question 18

holy trinity, masaccio

Answer 18

fresco, trompe l’oeil/ virgin, st john the baptist, donors/ realism, mathematical organization of picture (vanishing point at base of cross: perfect 1-point perspective)/ symmetrical/ coffered barrel vault/ skeleton: “i was once as you are and what i am you will become”

Question 19

david, donatello

Answer 19

bronze, 5’ high/ for palazzo medici courtyard/ medici commissioned/ david youthful, sensuous/ depicts after he slayed goliath/ symbol of independent florentine repub/ contrapposto (greek proportions)

Question 20

birth of venus, bottecelli

Answer 20

tempura on canvas/ poetic linear style, decorated fabrics, elegance/ classical mythology images/ elegant style (not accurate perspective/ anatomy= no direct observation)/ 1st female nude since antiquity

Question 21

giovanni bellini, st francis in the desert

Answer 21

• oil and tempura on panel

- showed mankind and nature together

Question 22

duomo

Answer 22

italian cathedral

Question 23

medici family

Answer 23

de facto rulers of florence during much of the italian renaissance

• banking family > political dynasty > royal house
• wealth from textile trade
• prosperous bank

Question 24

classicism

Answer 24

ancient greek/roman principles and style in art and lit.

Question 25

linear perspective

Answer 25

perspective used in art in which relative size/shape/position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines meeting up at a point on the horizon

Question 26

orthogonal

Answer 26

of or involving right angles; at right angles

Question 27

memento mori

Answer 27

an object serving as a warning or reminder of death, such as a skull

Question 28

relief sculpture

Answer 28

sculpted material raised about the background plane

Question 29

leon battista alberti

Answer 29

italian humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer

Question 30

humanism

Answer 30

• an outlook of system or thought attaching importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters
• renaissance cultural movement that turned away frm medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient greek and roman thought

Question 31

neo-platonism

Answer 31

philosophy highly influenced by plato