Gotcha

Question 1

What is the true altitude VS. absolute altitude?

Answer 1

True altitude - the aircrafts height above mean sea level (MSL)

absolute altitude - the aircrafts height above the terrain (ground level) directly beneath it

Question 2

What are the basic weather min for VFR flight according to 91.155?

Can we takeoff Golf airspace under 3 sm visibility?

What is cloud clearance for golf?

Answer 2

refer to 91.155

yes, you can fly with under 3 sm of visibility

clearance < 1,200’
day = 1sm CoC / night 3152

clearance > 1,200’ above surface > 10,000’ MSL - 5111

Question 3

What does mixture actually do?

Answer 3

The mixture control regulates the ratio of fuel to air entering the engine.

-sea level, where air is dense, a rich mixture is used

-higher altitudes, the air becomes less dense, (less O2) lean mixture prevents excess fuel from being delivered to engine

a mixture too rich at higher altitudes can cause:

-spark plug fouling (due to unburned fuel)
- loss of power and increased fuel consumption

Question 4

Why do we lean the mixture?

Answer 4

compensates for decreased air density:
as altitude increases, the air density decreases reducing oxygen available for combustion. By leaning the mix, you reduce the fuel flow to match the reduced oxygen.

improves efficiency: lower fuel consumption and better range and endurance

prevents engine problems: too rich mix can lead to carbon build up on spark plugs and engine roughness

Question 5

What is static leaning and its purpose?

Answer 5

Static leaning is the process of adjusting the mix while the aircraft is stationary, typically before T/O from a high altitude airport

purpose of static leaning:
optimize engine performance for high-altitude operations - thinner air in higher altitude APs can cause the engine to run too rich on the ground

leaning the mixture during run-up ensures the engine produces max power for take-off
keeps engine smooth during prolonged ground operations

Question 6

What is atmospheric stability?

Answer 6

Atmospheric stability refers to the tendency of the atmosphere to resist vertical motion of air.

it plays a significant role in determining weather patterns, cloud formation, and turbulence

stability is influenced by temps and moisture content of the air at different altitudes, and environmental lapse rate

stable air-typically leads to smoother, more predictable flight conditions with fewer clouds and less turbulence

unstable air- can create turbulence, increasing risk of convective turbulence, thunderstorm/severe weather

Question 7

Stable atmosphere

Answer 7

Occurs when cooler air is trapped beneath warmer air (temp inversion), preventing vertical air movement

if air is displaced vertically, it will tend to return to its original position, resisting upward motion.

conditions
-air cools more slowly with altitude than the rising air
-results in clear skies, light winds, little cloud formation
-little to no vertical cloud development, leading to calm weather

Question 8

Unstable atmosphere

Answer 8

occurs when warm air is beneath cooler air prompting vertical air movement

in an unstable atmosphere, air will continue to rise if it is displaced, since it is warmer and less dense than air surrounding it.

conditions
air rises, cools at slower rate, and remains warmer than surrounding air
-leads to formation of tall, cumulus clouds, turbulence
-weather TS, heavy cloud development, turbulence

Question 9

Neutral Atmosphere

Answer 9

Occurs when air neither resists nor enhances vertical motion, meaning that if air is displaced, it will remain in its new position without returning to its original state

conditions:
-the temp lapse rate is similar to the rate at which rising air cools
-weather: a mix of conditions; clouds can form but usually do not develop vertically into TS

Question 10

Factors influencing atmospheric stability

Answer 10

Environmental lapse rate (ELR): the rate at which the temp decreases w/ altitude

-if the ERL is > than the dry adiabatic lapse rate (rate of cooling of rising dry air) the atmosphere is unstable
-if the ELR is < than the moist diabolic lapse rate (rate of cooling saturated air) atmosphere is stable

clouds and weather:
-stable conditions produce stratus clouds (overcast)
-unstable conditions produce cumulus clouds/TS

Question 11

This is your ppl check ride. Does your Aircraft need 100hr inspection?

Answer 11

100hr inspection is required for aircraft that are used for hire or flight training (flight school/rental as per FAR 91.409)

if the aircraft you are using is not being used for here or flight training (non-commercial AC, privately owned it does not need a 100hr inspection)

Yes, if I use a plane from coast, it will need a 100hr inspection

Question 12

is the radius of a turn controlled by the bank angle or airspeed?

Answer 12

The radius of a turn is primarily controlled by the bank angle, but the airspeed also plays an important role. A greater bank angle results in a smaller turn radius, while a higher airspeed results in a larger turn radius

A steeper bank angle increases the horizontal component of lift, which directly contributes to turning the aircraft. More lift is needed to maintain altitude during a deeper bank for a tighter turn. The faster you fly, the more lift and bank is needed to maintain the same turn radius

Question 13

What is a keel affect?

Answer 13

the keel effect is the stabilizing influence of the aircrafts vertical stabilizer and fuselage that resist unwanted sideslip and helps the aircraft maintain a more stable flight path, particularly in crosswind or sideslip conditions

This effect contributes to the aircraft directional stability and ease of control during certain flight maneuvers

Question 14

while in the traffic pattern and making proper calls, you notice traffic on final for a different runway who has not made any calls

What do you do?

Answer 14

your primary goal is to maintain separation and avoid conflict while ensuring situational awareness and effective communication

if necessary, modify your pattern or hold until the traffic is clear, always prioritize safety over pattern adherence.

-maintain situational awareness
-announce your position and intentions
-avoid a conflict (alter pattern if necessary)
-monitor and attempt to communicate
-follow right of way rules
-report if necessary

Question 15

Similarities of warm/cold occluded fronts

differences?

Answer 15

Both occluded fronts occur when a cold front overtakes a warm front, lifting warm air aloft.
Both produce similar weather, such as cloud cover and precipitation

they are different in their relative air temp behind and ahead of the warm front that distinguishes them, with cold occlusions being colder and more forceful

Question 16

Which occlusion has worse weather?

Answer 16

Cold occlusion tends to produce worse weather than warm occlusions because:

the colder air behind the front is more dense, resulting in more abrupt lifting of the warm air. This leads to stronger vertical motion, which can produce: intense precipitation
thunderstorms
hail/turbulence

a warm occlusion usually has less severe weather because the air masses are closer in temperature

Question 17

There are 2 types of occluded fronts

What are they?

Answer 17

cold occlusion- the air behind the overtaking cold front is colder than the air ahead of the warm front.
-when the cold front overtakes the warm front, it forces both the warm air and cooler air aloft.

warm occlusion-the air behind the overtaking cold front is warmer than air ahead of the warm front.
-when the cold front overtakes the warm front, it slides over the cooler air, lifting warm air between

Question 18

What is the normal temp lapse rate?

dry adiabatic lapse rate?

wer adiabatic lapse rate?

Answer 18

A normal temp lapse rate is -2°c per 1000’ alt

the dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR) and the wet adiabatic lapse rate (WALR) describe how the temperature of a parcel of air changes as it moves vertically in the atmosphere, depending on weather it is saturated or unsaturated

Question 19

Dry adiabatic lapse rate
(DALR)

Answer 19

the rate at which an unsaturated parcel of air (air with relative humidity < 100%) cools as it rises or warms as it descends

-value: approx 3°c per 1000’
-why: when air rises, it expands due to lower pressure and this expansion causes air to cool
-when air descends it is compressed due to higher pressure causing it to warm.
-key: the cooling or warming occurs without heat exchange with the surrounding environment

Question 20

Wet adiabatic lapse rate
(WALR)

Answer 20

the rate at which a saturated parcel of air (air with relative humidity of 100%) cools as it rises.
Value: typically 1.5°c - 3°c per 1,000’
Why: as saturated air rises, it cools and condenses, releasing latent heat of condensation.
-this released heat offsets some of the cooling, resulting in a slower cooling rate compared to the DALR
key: the WALR varies because the amount of latent heat released depends on the temp of the air; warm air holds more moisture and releases more heat

Question 21

the body has 3 systems to detect orientation which are…

what happens when these systems provide the brain with conflicting info

which of the 3 systems is responsible for fixing false sensations

Answer 21

the vestibular, visual, and somatosensory system work together to detect orientation

conflicting info among these 3 systems leads to spatial disorientation

the visual system is responsible for correcting false sensation and ensuring accurate orientation, primarily through external references or instruments

Question 22

Vestibular system

Answer 22

located in the inner ear

composed of the semicircular canals (detect angular acceleration) and otolith organs (detects acceleration and gravity)

detects changes in head movement and gravity

limits: susceptible to false sensation, such as the leans or graveyard spiral, especially with no visual reference

Question 23

Visual system

Answer 23

provides brain with orientation info by interpret the position of objects relative to the horizon

most accurate and reliable system when clear external reference is available

limits: easily mislead by visual illusions such as runway width illusion or black-hole effect during night time landings

Question 24

Somatosensory

Answer 24

Detect orientation and movement through sensory feedback from muscles, joints, and skin.

provides a sense of the bodies position and motion relative to itself

limits: weak for aviation; sensations of pressure, such as from acceleration or turns, can be misinterpreted, leading to false impressions of orientation

Question 25

Tell me about the anti-icing equipment the cessna 172 does not have

Answer 25

The cessna 172 is not certified for flight into known icing conditions (FIKI) and should not be flown into weather where icing is likely.

Does not have:
heated leading edges
prop anti-icing system
anti ice windshield system
other pitot static heat system
engine inlet icing

Question 26

What factors affect density altitude?

how does DA affect aircraft perform?

Do we want a low or high DA?

Answer 26

density altitude is affected by pressure, temps, humidity, and elevation.

pilots want a lower density altitude

DA can affect engine power, prop efficiency, lift, climb rate, and increased T/O/L distances

Question 27

You are flying at 13,000MSL for 3 hours. what are your oxygen requirements?

what are the oxygen requirements for carrying passengers at 15,000 msl?

what is the FAR for this?

Answer 27

The flight crew will need supplemental oxygen, as we are flying between 12,500-14,000 MSL for over 30min

you are not required to carry supplemental oxygen for passengers at 15,000 msl, however above 15,000’ all occupants are required supplemental oxygen

FAR 91.211

Question 28

What is a gimbal?

why does the standby attitude indicator have a dual gimbal?

Answer 28

a gimbal is a pivoted support that allows an object to rotate freely about one or more axis. in aviation instruments, gimbals are used to maintain the proper orientation of a gyroscope, allowing it to function effectively regardless of aircraft motion.

the standby attitude indicator uses a dual gimbal to maintain the gyros orientation and provide accurate pitch and roll info, even when the aircraft moves in multiple axes

Question 29

describe the electrical system.

why does the alternator have a higher voltage than the battery?

Answer 29

the airplane is equiped with a 28 volt direct current (DC) electric system, consisting of a belt-driven 60 amp alternator and a 24 volt main battery and standby battery.

The higher output from the alternator is necessary to ensure the battery is charged and the aircrafts electrical needs are met. this design helps maintain a stable electrical environment and allows for reliable operations of all systems

Question 30

What is the purpose of the counterweights in the ailerons?

How much do they weight?

Answer 30

counterweights help prevent flutter (a dangerous oscillation of control surfaces at high speeds). flutter can occur when aerodynamic forces on the ailerons cause them to vibrate uncontrollably. The counter weights help balance these forces and dampen vibrations by adding mass.

ailerons weight approximately 5-7 lbs

counterweights are approximately 1-3 lbs per aileron

Question 31

What is maximum crosswind component of a cessna 172?

prove it

Answer 31

Maximum crosswind component on paved runway is 15kts

POH section 9

Question 32

I received my PPL last month. Recently, I was diagnosed with sleep apnea.

Will I lose my PPL?
Will I lose my Medical?
Can I continue my career?
What is a special issuance authorization?

Answer 32

I will not lose my PPL directly, as long as I meet the medical requirements

I will be required to report my condition at the time of my next medical exam. The FAA may require treatment compliance does (such as CPAP machine logs) or issue a special issuance. (a medical cert for those with conditions that would automatically disqualify them)

Does not end airline career, but comes with stipulations

Question 33

What is pilotage?

What is dead reckoning?

What is radio navigation?

Answer 33

Pilotage- is a method of navigation that involves using visual landmarks to determine your position and navigate to your destination, relying on charts/features.

Dead Reckoning- involves navigation by calculating your position based on a known starting point, heading, speed, time, and wind correction.

Radio navigation - uses electromagnetic signals and instruments to determine position and navigate. relies on ground - based or satellite navigation systems

Question 34

Where is the Eustachian tube located?

What does it do?

What happens when it cannot equalize pressure?

Answer 34

a narrow passageway connecting the middle ear to the upper throat and back of nasal cavity

serves as a pressure - regulating pathway between the ear and the external environment

the primary role of the eustacian tube is to equalize air pressure on both sides of the eardrum

it allows air to flow into or out of the middle ear to match the atmospheric pressure

if blocked or unable to equalize pressure, barotrauma, hearing loss, pain, tinnitus, or a ruptured eardrum can occur

Question 35

ICEFLAGS

Answer 35

Inversion - sensation of tumbling backward, caused by sudden transition from climb to level flight

Coriolis effect - sensation of turning or accelerating in a different direction caused by moving the head in a different plane (looking down) during prolonged turn.

Elevator Illusion - upward acceleration feels like the nose is pitching down. caused by a rapid upward or downward acceleration

False Horizon - A tilted or non level horizon caused by misinterpreting visual cues, like clouds, lights, terrain as horizon

Leans - sensation of banking in opposite direction of correction caused by a slow/unnoticed turn, followed by leveling wings

autokinesis - when the light appears to move/drift caused by staring at a stationary light in the dark for several seconds

Graveyard spiral - sensation of level flight while in spiral descent caused by prolonged turn in IMC inner ear no longer senses turn

Somotogravic Illusion - acceleration feels like nose - high deceleration feels nose - down caused by rapidly accelerating/decelerating

Question 36

What is load factor?

what is the relationship between bank and angle and load factor?

what is the relationship between load factor and stall speed?

Answer 36

The ration of total lift generated by on aircraft wings to the aircrafts weight, expressed in multiples of Gs

in a turn, lift generated by wings must counteract both the aircrafts weight and centrifugal force due to turn. As bank angle increases, more lift is required to maintain altitude, increasing load factor

When load factor increases (during turns) the wings need to generate more lift to maintain flight. since lift depends on air-speed the stall speed increases with load factor

Question 37

What 4 factors change air density?

“as pressure ___, density __”
As temp ___, density ___”
As altitude __, density___”
As humidity___, density___”

Answer 37

Air density is influenced by pressure, temperature, altitude, and humidity

Pressure increases, density increases

temp increases, density decreases

altitude increases, density decreases

humidity increases, density decreases

Question 38

What is the airport beacon for a water base?

Answer 38

The airport beacon for a seaplane base (water base) has a unique light pattern to help identify it at night or in low visibility

Light Pattern - alternating while and yellow flashes repeating continuously

Question 39

according to the ACS, what altitude do you need to be for
Ground reference?
Steep turns?
stalls?

Answer 39

Ground reference maneuvers - require between 600’ - 1000’ AGL, to observe ground references while maintaining a safe margin for recovery

Steep Turns - must be performed above 1,500’ AGL for a safe margin for recovery

Stalls - must be performed above 1,500’ AGL for ample space to recover

Question 40

With the appropriate power setting, why could you theoretically float forever?

Answer 40

in ground effect, an aircraft experiences a unique aerodynamic condition where wingtip vortices are less pronounced and the downward deflection of airflow (downwash) is minimized.

the proximity to the ground enhances the wings lift due to altered pressure distribution around wing, allowing the aircraft to stay aloft at lower airspeeds and power setting

theoretically, the thrust can exactly counteract remaining drag, allowing the aircraft to maintain speed/altitude in ground effect

Question 41

What 3 elements are needed for clouds to form?

How does invisible water vapor change into visible state?

Answer 41

Water Vapors - sufficient moisture in atmosphere

Cooling mechanism - air must cool to dew point (adiabatic cooling)

Condensation nuclei - tiny particles for water vapor condensation

Clouds form when moist air cools to the dew point and water vapors condenses onto particles and accumulate, transitioning from an invisible gas into visible droplets or crystals (clouds)

Question 42

What is the utility category on W/B?

What maneuvers can we do in the utility category?

Answer 42

The utility category refers to a specific set of operational limits and design criteria for the aircraft. “limited aerobatic flight”

In a utility category, you are allowed to perform certain aerobatic maneuver, but are generally less extreme.

-chandelle (climb with change or heading)
-lazy eights
-steep turns (max bank usually 60°)
-shallow spins
-slight stalls ( power on/off

Question 43

Where does the ADC (air data computer) get its raw data from?

What happens when you have an ADC failure?

Answer 43

The ADC processes data from the pitot tubes, static ports, temp probes, and sometimes AoA indicator

If the ADC fails, it can results in a loss of accurate airspeed altitude, and vertical speed rating, causing potential malfunctions in flight systems like the autopilot

pilot must be prepared to fly the AC manually and use the backup instruments in event of a failure

Question 44

When can you log nigh time?

when can you log night time landings?

Differences between night time, sunset/sunrise, and civil twilight

Answer 44

Nighttime- the period between the end of civil twilight (evening) and the beginning of civil twilight (morning)

Civil twilight- refers to the time when the sun is between 6° below the horizon and the horizon

Sunset/sunrise- the moment the sun dips below the horizon, and the moment the sun appears above the horizon

to log night flight time, you must operate the aircraft between civil twilight

for night landings one hour after sunset and one hour before sunrise

sunset sunrise requires lights

Question 45

What is the FAA OTC medical list? (over the counter)

What if a medication you need is on the list?

Answer 45

OTC over the counter medication list providing information about “go-no-go” medications

If I was using a medication on the No-Go list, I would

-refer to 61.52 to see if I am safe to fly with my condition
-consult my AME to make sure my meds are safe
-wait at least 5 dosage intervals after last dose before flying

Question 46

There is no regulation on giving blood as a pilot but there is a FAA guide.

How long do you have to wait to fly as PIC or SIC after donating 1 unit of blood?

2 units?

What if you are showing symptoms?

Answer 46

One unit - 24 hrs recovery period and airman has no symptoms

two or more units - 72 hrs recovery and no symptoms

cannot fly if still showing symptoms

Question 47

What weather can we expect during a cold/warm front?

after a cold/warm front?

Answer 47

Cold Front:
Before cloudy, possible TS, warmer temps

During: heavy rain/TS, rapid temp drop, wind shifts

After: clear skies, cooler drier air, gusty winds

Warm Front
Before: increasing clouds, light rain/drizzle, cooler temps

During: stratus clouds, steady rain, gradual temp rise

After: milder temps, clearing skies, possible residual clouds

Question 48

What is the difference in payload and useful load?

Answer 48

Usueful load is the total weight an AC can carry, including pilot, Pax, baggage and usable fuel.
-useful load=Max T/O weight BEW

Payload-refers to the weight of the Pax, baggage, and cargo excluding fuel
Payload= useful load - fuel weight

Question 49

What are the two types of stability?

What kind of stability does the cessna 172 have?

can you have positive dynamic stability with negative static stability?

Answer 49

The two types of stability are dynamic and static

the cessna 172 has positive static and dynamic stability, making it forgiving and easy to fly

positive dynamic stability requires positive stative stability you cannot have one without the other

Question 50

Define ADC
Dafine AHRS

Answer 50

Air Data Computer is an onboard avionics system that collects processes and provides air data info to other AC systems and pilot with inputs from pitot static system and others
-provides: IAS, TAS, Altitude, VSI, OAT, DA, Wind info

Attitude and Heading Reference system is a digital system providing precise attitude (pitch and roll) heading and yaw information. it uses sensors like gyroscopes, accelerometers and magnetometers replacing traditional gyro instrument
-provides: attitude, Heading, Turn Rate, PFD data, Autopilot stability

Question 51

What is the lift Formula?

Which two factors can the pilot control?

Answer 51

L=Cl x 1/2 pV2 x S

L=Lift force
Cl=Coefficient of lift
p=air density
V=TAS
S=Wing surface area
x=multiply

the pilot can change the coefficient of lift by adjusting the AoA. Increasing the AoA increases Cl, thereby increasing lift

the pilot can control airspeed using throttle and pitch. Increasing airspeed increases V2 which has significant effect on lift since velocity is squared in the equation

Question 52

Do day landings count for night currency?

Do night landings count for day currency?

Why?

Answer 52

Day landings do not count for night currency because night landings involve unique challenges that must be practiced specifically

Night landings do count for day currency because the skills required exceed those needed for day

Question 53

What are the types of airspeed?

What are the types of altitudes?

Answer 53

Airspeed
IAS- airspeed displayed used for performance

CAS-IAS corrected for instrument error, for performance chart

EAS- CAS corrected for compressibility effects at higher speeds

TAS-actual speed of the aircraft through the air

GS- AC speed over the terrain GS=TAS =-Wind component

Question 54

What are the types of altitudes?

Answer 54

Indicated Altitude-altitude on altimeter @ local baro setting

Pressure Altitude-altitude indicated when set 29.92

Density Altitude-pressure alt corrected for temp/humidity

True altitude-actual height of AC above MSL

Abolute Altitude: Height of AC above the terrain

Question 55

What does the impulse coupling do for magneto

Answer 55

Boosts sparks energy for staring:
During startup the engine is turning at a relatively low RPM, which reduces the energy generated by the magneto

The impulse coupling momentarily increases the rotational speed of the magneto, producing a stronger spark to ignite the fuel air mixture in the cylinders

retards the spark timing:
Magnetos normally fire at a fixed timing relative to the engines rotation but this start the impulse coupling delays the spark to occur closer to top

Question 56

How does an impulse coupling work?

Answer 56

The impulse coupling consist of

Spring mechanisms-stores energy as engine rotates @ startup

Command flyweight assembly - controls the release of the spring and ensures precise timing

-as engine rotates, the IC locks momentarily (using flyweights) allowing the spring to wind up and store energy
-when spring releases it briefly spins magneto rapidly
-this rapid spin produces more powerful spark to spark plug
-The spark is also delayed to occur at optimal starting time
-

Question 57

What is ATIS, ASOS, AWOS?

Answer 57

Automatic Terminal Information Service
-is a continuous broadcast of recorded non-control info at airports, designed to reduce the workload of ATC.
-weather, active runways, NOTAMS, other details

Automated Surface Observation System - is an automated system that measures, collects, and reports detailed surface weather observations, including: winds, visibility, precipitation, temp/ dewpoint , altimeter, sky conditions

Automated weather observation system - similar to asos but less comprehensive weather data. for smaller APs

Question 58

Threshold stripes indicate runway width

how wide is a runway with 4,6,8,12,16?

Answer 58

4-60’

6-75’

8-100’

12-150’

16-200’

Question 59

What is a squall line?

What is an embedded TS?

Answer 59

A squall line is a continous line of TS, often extending for hundreds of miles, usually associated with a cold front or ahead of it. It is a type of mesoscale convective system and forms in unstable atmospheric conditions
-extremely hazardous to AC due to turbulence and WS

Embedded TS are hidden within other weather systems, making them hard to detect/avoid without proper equipment.

Both present significant hazards to aviation, requiring careful planning and inflight adjustments

Question 60

Difference between part 61 and 91?

What information do you find in part 830?

Answer 60

Part 61 - certification of pilots, flight instructors, and ground instructors.
Governs the reqs for pilot cert and training

Part 91 - General operating and flight rules
Governs operations of aircraft within US

Part 830 - notifications and reporting of AC accidents/incidents
outlines reqs for reporting accidents, incidents, and overdue AC to the national transportation safety board

Question 61

What is the procedure for accidentally flying in a storm?

Answer 61

Stay calm

Maintain control

Reduce airspeed to minimize structural damage risk

if storm is localized and can safely turn around, do so with a shallow bank

use instruments to avoid special disorientation

communicate with ATC “VFR pilot in IFR conditions”

inform of current position, altitude, heading, request vectors

climb or decent if necessary and cautiously

land in nearest suitable airport

Question 62

Where does interference drag occur on the aircraft?

Give an example of an aircraft with less form drag than a 172

Answer 62

Interference drag - occurs where different parts of the AC meet and their airflow patterns interact. it is caused by the mixing of airflow from these intersecting components creating turbulence and increased drag.

-Wing fuselage intersections
-strut and landing gear attachments
-tail/empennage joints

A cirrus SR22 has less drag as it is designed with a laminar-flow fuselage and smooth retractable wheel fairing

Question 63

Explain the autopilot system

What is servomechanism?

Answer 63

The autopilot system leverages servomechanisms to translate the commands from the flight computer into precise movements of the aircrafts control surfaces. This allows for controlled and efficient flight operations with minimal manual input from the pilot

A servomechanism - is a system that uses feedback to control the motion and position of mechanical components such as control surfaces on a aircraft

Question 64

How does autopilot work?

Answer 64

The flight control computer processes inputs from the aircrafts sensors (gyro, accelerometers, gps, altimeter) sends commands to control surfaces to maintain flight

sensors provide the FCC with data

Servomechanisms (actuators) are the mechanical systems that physically move the ACs control surfaces

Control Panel allows pilot to input desired flight parameters such as attitude, heading, vertical speed

feedback systems continuously monitor and adjust the control surfaces to maintain precise control

Question 65

How servomechanisms work?

Answer 65

Input signals - the fcc sends a command to the servomechanisms to move a control surface

motor actuator - a small electric motor or hydraulic actuator moves the control surface based on the command

feedback loop - sensors provide real time data about the position of the control surface to ensure it matches desired input. servomech fixes discrepancies

Question 66

What is fog?

What are the types of fog?

S
U
G
A
R
P
I