Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Perception > Good Vibrations > Flashcards

Good Vibrations Flashcards

1
Q

How are sounds created?

A

Sounds are created when when objects vibrate. The vibrations of an object (sound source) causes molecules in the object’s surrounding medium (air, water, or any other elastic medium that can transmit vibrations) to vibrate as well, causing pressure changes in the medium. These patterns of pressure changes are called sound waves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Amplitude/intensity

A

the magnitude of the pressure change of a sound wave (the difference between the highest pressure and the lowest pressure of the wave). Measured in decibel. Amplitude is perceived as loudness: the more intense a sound wave, the louder it will sound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Frequency

A

the number of times per second that a pattern of pressure change repeats. Measured in hertz (Hz). Frequency is perceived as pitch.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pure tone

A

a pressure change pattern that can be described with a sine wave.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fourier analysis

A

Any sound (even non-pure tones) can be described as a combination of sine waves by a procedure called Fourier analysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Harmonic spectrum

A

the spectrum of a complex sound in which each frequency component is at integer multiples of the lowest frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fundamental frequency

A

the lowest frequency in a harmonic spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Human hearing range

A

20 to 20000 Hz, 0 to 120 dB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Audibility threshold

A

the lowest sound pressure level that can be reliably detected across the frequency range of human hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Equal-loudness curves

A

a graph plotting sound intensity against the frequency for which a listener perceives constant loudness. Equal-amplitude sounds can be perceived as softer or louder than each other, depending on the frequencies of the sound waves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Temporal integration

A

the perception of loudness depends on the summation of energy over a brief period of time. The reason why loudness depends on duration of exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pitch

A

the perceptural quality that we describe as “high” or “low” - the property of the auditory system in terms of which sounds may be ordered on a musical scale extending from low to high.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Timbre

A

a psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that 2 sounds with the same loudness and pitch are different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pinna

A

the funnel-like part of the ear that sticks out of the head. Sounds are first collected from the environment by the pinnae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ear canal

A

Sound waves are funneled by the pinna into and through the ear canal, which extends ~25 mm into the head. main purpose of the ear canal is to protect the tympanic membrane (eardrum), which is located at its inner end, from damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ossicles

A

the middle ear consists of 3 tiny bones - the ossicles, which amplify sound waves: malleus, incus, stapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

tympanic membrane

A

a thin sheet of skin that moves in/out in response to the pressure changes of sound waves. also the border between the outer ear and the middle ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

malleus (hammer)

A

connected to the tympanic membrane on one side and to the second ossicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

incus (anvil)

A

connected to the malleus and to the third ossicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

stapes (stirrup)

A

the third ossicle which transmits the vibrations of sound waves to the oval window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

oval window

A

membrane that forms the border between the middle ear and the inner ear. pressure on the oval window is magnified 18 times relative to the pressure on the tympanic membrane. this amplification is important for our ability to hear faint sounds, because the inner ear is made up of a collection of fluid-filled chambers (and liquid takes more energy to move than air).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

middle-ear muscles

A

2 muscles, attached to the ossicles, that perform the acoustic reflex, which protects the ear from intense sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

tensor tympani

A

attached to the malleus. their main role is to tense when sounds are very loud. this way they restrict movement of the ossicles and thus suppress pressure changes that might be large enough to damage the delicate structures in the inner ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

stapedius

A

attached to the stapes. their main role is to tense when sounds are very loud. this way they restrict movement of the ossicles and thus suppress pressure changes that might be large enough to damage the delicate structures in the inner ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cochlea

A

a snaillike structure (main structure of the inner ear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

scola vestibuli

A

a channel in the upper half of the uncoiled cochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

scala tympani

A

a channel in lower half of the uncoiled cochlea

27
Q

cochlear partition

A

separates scala vestibuli and scala tympani. it extends from the base of the cochlea (near the stapes) until its apex at the far end. it contains structurs that transform the vibrations inside the cochlea into electricity.

28
Q

organ of corti

A

a structure in the cochlear partition, which contains hair cells - the receptors for hearing. The human ear contains 1 row of inner hair cells and 3 rows of outer hair cells.

29
Q

basilar membrane

A

the structure on which the organ of Corti is located

30
Q

stereocilia

A

small processes at the tips of hair cells, which bend in response to pressure changes. the stereocilia of the tallest row of outer hair cells are embedded in the tectorial membrane - a structure attached to the organ of Corti. The other stereocilia are not.

31
Q

oval window

A

the back & forth motion of the oval window transmits vibrations to the liquid inside the cochlea, which sets the basilar membrane into motion. this results in:
1. The organ of Corti being set into an up-and-down vibration
2. The tectorial membrane moving back and forth

32
Q

auditory nerve

A

a collection of neurons that convey information from hair cells in the cochlea to the brain stem and back

33
Q

place code

A

different places on the cochlea are tuned to different sound frequencies. higher frequencies cause the largest displacements closer to the oval window, near the base of the cochlea. lower frequencies cause the largest displacements farther away, closer to the apex

34
Q

tonotopic map

A

the map of the cochlea that shows which part vibrate the most in response to which frequencies

35
Q

cochlear amplifier

A

a mechanism through which the cochlea can actively sharpen its tuning to a specific frequency. Most of the auditory nerve fibers that synapse with the outer hair cells are efferent. They play a role in determining what kind of information is sent on to the brain by the afferent fibers

36
Q

neural frequency tuning curve (NTFC)

A

a curve that represents the sensitivity of a neuron to different sound frequencies. It is constructed by presenting tones of different frequencies and measuring the sound level necessary to cause the neuron to increase its firing rate.

37
Q

characteristic frequency

A

the frequency to which the neuron is most sensitive (has the lowest sound level threshold)

38
Q

two-tone suppression

A

when a second tone of a slightly different frequency is added, the rate of firing of an auditory nerve fiber in response to a first tone is decreased

39
Q

rate saturation

A

the point at which a nerve fiber is firing as rapidly as possible and further stimulation is incapable of increasing the firing rate

40
Q

rate-intensity function

A

a function representing the firing rate of an auditory nerve fiber in response to a sound of constant frequency at increasing intensities

41
Q

low-spontaneous fiber

A

an AN fiber that has a low rate (<10 spike/s) of spontaneous firing. They require higher intensity to start firing, but retain their selectivity over a broader range of intensities

42
Q

high-spontaneous fiber

A

an AN fiber that has a high rate (>30 spike/s) of sponaneous firing. they are very sensitive to low levels of sound, but quickly reach saturation

43
Q

mid-spontaneous fiber

A

an AN fiber that has a medium rate (10-30 spike/s) of spontaneous firing

44
Q

phase locking

A

auditory nerve fibers fire at one distinct point the cycle of a sound wave at a given frequency. This results from the alternating bursts of electrical signals at the stereocilia, which are synchronized with the pressure changes

45
Q

temporal coding

A

the firing pattern of an AN fiber carries a code for the sound wave frequency (e.g. an AN fiber firing an action potential 100 times per second means that it is responding to a sound wave that includes a frequency component of 100 Hz)

46
Q

Volley principle

A

a hypothesis that multiple neurons can provide a temporal code for frequency if each neuron fires at a distinct point in the period of a sound wave but does not fire on every period

47
Q

Cranial nerve VII (vestibulocochlear nerve)

A

carries the auditory nerve and the nerve fibers of the vestibular system

48
Q

cochlear nucleus

A

AN fibers synapse in the cochlear nucleus in the brain stem, which contains many specialized neurons, for example: neurons sensitive to onsets of sounds of particular frequencies; neurons sensitive to the coincidence of onsets across many frequencies

49
Q

superior olive

A

some of the neurons from the cochlear nucleus project to the superior olive (another brain stem nucleus). here signals from the left and right ears first meet, which makes the superior olive important for localizing sounds

50
Q

inferior colliculus

A

neurons from the cochlear nucleus and superior olive project to the inferior colliculus. most of the input to each inferior colliculus comes from the contralateral ear

51
Q

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

A

a thalamic nucleus to which the auditory pathway continues from the inferior colliculi. Just like the LGN, the MGN has many more input connections (efferent) from the cortex than output connections (afferent) to the cortex

52
Q

tonotopic organization

A

all structures of the auditory system show organization based on frequency

53
Q

primary auditory cortex (A1)

A

the auditory pathway continues here after the MGN

54
Q

belt area

A

neurons in A1 project to the surrounding belt area of the cortex

55
Q

parabelt area

A

neurons from the belt project to neurons in the adjacent parabelt area

56
Q

anterior auditory cortex

A

contains area most responsive to pitch

57
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

occurs when the ossicles lose (or are impaired in) their ability to freely convey vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

58
Q

otosclerosis

A

a type of conductive hearing loss caused by abnormal growth of the ossicles

59
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

the most common and serious form of hearing loss caused by defects in the cochlea or auditory nerve

60
Q

metabolic losses

A

caused by changes in the fluid environment of the cochlea that decrease the activity of hair cells

61
Q

sensory losses

A

caused by injury to hair cells due to drugs or excessive exposure to noise

62
Q

presbycusis

A

a sensorineural hearing loss caused by hair cell damage resulting from noise exposure, hair-cell-damaging drugs and age-related degeneration

63
Q

hidden hearing loss

A

some people might have normal sensitivity to low-intensity sounds but have damaged auditory nerve fibers, as indicated by being unable to hear speech in noisy environments

64
Q

cochlear implants/prosthetics

A

electronic cochlear-like implants with electrodes along their length, used for providing basic hearing to deaf people

Perception (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions