Gonzalez Ch 15_16

Question 1

What was the primary focus of rulers like Charles V and Frederick the Wise during the sixteenth century?

Answer 1

The cause of God’s truth as they saw it

They subordinated their political and personal ambitions to this cause.

Question 2

Who were the two prominent religious figures mentioned that experienced intense anguish before reaching their conclusions?

Answer 2

Luther and Loyola

Their actions were shaped by profound religious experiences.

Question 3

What characterized the actions of Henry VIII in matters of religion?

Answer 3

A sincere attempt to serve God

Despite his questionable character.

Question 4

How did opinions regarding religious enthusiasm change over time?

Answer 4

An increasing number did not share the enthusiasm and convictions of earlier generations

Question 5

What was Henry IV of France known for regarding his religion?

Answer 5

He changed his religion to save his life and achieve political goals

Question 6

What was one of the pillars of Henry IV’s policy for modern France?

Answer 6

Limited religious tolerance

Question 7

What effect did the Thirty Years’ War have on political unity in Germany?

Answer 7

Hindered political unity due to the use of religion for political programs

Question 8

What was a common conclusion among many Germans regarding doctrinal disagreements?

Answer 8

They should not lead to war and that religious tolerance was wiser

Question 9

What intellectual movement took hold of Europe during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

Answer 9

Rationalism

Question 10

What was the rationale behind constructing a ‘natural religion’?

Answer 10

To answer fundamental questions regarding God and human nature using natural reason

Question 11

What characterized the theological developments in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

Answer 11

Rigid, cold, and academic style without fresh creativity

Question 12

What did dogma often substitute for during this period?

Answer 12

Faith

Question 13

Fill in the blank: The rationalist option sought an alternative by emphasizing the _______ dimension of the gospel.

Answer 13

spiritual

Question 14

What groups organized to cultivate a more intense and personal faith during this period?

Answer 14

Methodists in England and Pietists on the Continent

Question 15

What marked the beginning of the Thirty Years’ War?

Answer 15

The Defenestration of Prague

Question 16

What did the Peace of Augsburg stipulate regarding religious choice?

Answer 16

Princes could determine the religion of their territories

Question 17

Who was the emperor during the early tensions leading to the Thirty Years’ War?

Answer 17

Rudolf II

Question 18

What sparked the Bohemian Protestants’ revolt against King Ferdinand?

Answer 18

The refusal of the Royal Council to listen to their objections

Question 19

What was the outcome of the Bohemian rebellion?

Answer 19

Frederick was deposed, and Bohemia was restored to King Ferdinand

Question 20

What happened to the population of Bohemia as a result of the war?

Answer 20

It declined by an estimated four-fifths

Question 21

What was the purpose of the Protestant League formed by England, the Netherlands, and Denmark?

Answer 21

To invade Germany and restore Frederick to his lands

Question 22

Who was Gustavus Adolphus?

Answer 22

The king of Sweden who intervened in the Thirty Years’ War

Question 23

What was unique about Gustavus Adolphus’s approach to the war?

Answer 23

He treated the native population with kindness and respect

Question 24

What were the terms proposed by Gustavus Adolphus for peace?

Answer 24

• Religious tolerance for both Catholics and Protestants * Restoration of ancient rights to Bohemia * Return of the Palatinate to Frederick * Expulsion of the Jesuits from the empire

Question 25

What led to the internal conflict within the Catholic League during the war?

Answer 25

Wallenstein's secret negotiations with other factions

Question 26

What was the outcome of the battle on the fields of Lützen?

Answer 26

Wallenstein’s army was crushed, but Gustavus Adolphus was killed

Question 27

What characterized the later stages of the Thirty Years' War?

Answer 27

Skirmishes, banditry, and protracted negotiations

Question 28

Who suffered the most during the Thirty Years' War?

Answer 28

The people caught in the conflict

Question 29

What event marked the end of the Thirty Years' War?

Answer 29

The Peace of Westphalia, signed in 1648

Question 30

Which countries profited the most from the Thirty Years' War?

Answer 30

France and Sweden ## Footnote France expanded its borders to the Rhine, while Sweden received vast lands on the Baltic and the North Sea.

Question 31

What was a significant change in power dynamics for German princes after the Peace of Westphalia?

Answer 31

German princes were given greater powers, to the detriment of imperial authority.

Question 32

What was agreed upon regarding religious freedom after the Peace of Westphalia?

Answer 32

All princes and their subjects could follow their own religion, as long as they were Catholics, Lutherans, or Reformed.

Question 33

Which group was excluded from the religious freedoms established by the Peace of Westphalia?

Answer 33

Anabaptists

Question 34

What was the general amnesty granted for after the war?

Answer 34

It was granted to all who had rebelled against their masters, except in the hereditary possessions of the Hapsburgs.

Question 35

What was the underlying reason for the principles of tolerance established by the Peace of Westphalia?

Answer 35

A growing indifference to religion and the belief that religious commitments should remain private.

Question 36

What did the Thirty Years' War demonstrate about settling religious matters?

Answer 36

It showed that attempting to settle religious matters by force resulted in atrocities.

Question 37

What significant development began to emerge as a result of the Thirty Years' War?

Answer 37

The modern secular state

Question 38

What doubts arose regarding religious doctrines after the Thirty Years' War?

Answer 38

Doubt regarding the correctness of doctrines that led to atrocities.

Question 39

Fill in the blank: The Peace of Westphalia was signed in _______.

Answer 39

1648

Question 40

True or False: The Peace of Westphalia established that all religions would be tolerated equally.

Answer 40

False ## Footnote Only Catholics, Lutherans, and Reformed were included; Anabaptists were excluded.

Question 41

What was one of the consequences of the Thirty Years' War on political decision-making?

Answer 41

Rulers began to consider self-interest or the interests of their subjects over religious considerations.

Question 42

What was the fate of buildings and institutions as per the Peace of Westphalia?

Answer 42

They were to revert to the ownership of the religious confessions that held them in 1624.