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Cell Biology > Golgi Apparatus > Flashcards

Golgi Apparatus Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the golgi apparatus?

A

A stack of flattened membrane bound compartments

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2
Q

What are cisternae?

A

Flattened membrane bound sacks

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3
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Protein modification and storage

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4
Q

What is the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A

Cis cisterna
Medial cisterna
Trans cisterna

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5
Q

What type of proteins are sorted and modified in the golgi apparatus?

A

Proteins destined to be secreted

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6
Q

What molecule is the golgi apparatus the major site of synthesis of?

A

carbohydrates

  • Glycoproteins
  • Proteoglycans
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7
Q

In what type of cells is the golgi apparatus prominent?

A

Secretory cells

- Goblet cells

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8
Q

Describe the process by which a protein leaves the ER and enters the golgi apparatus.

A
  1. Proteins are synthesised on the ER
  2. Fully and correctly folded proteins leave the ER in vesicles
  3. The vesicle is transported to the golgi apparatus
  4. Vesicles undergo homotypic fusion which result in VTCs
  5. When the VTCs reach the cis cisterna they fuse to its membrane
  6. ER proteins are retrieved from the golgi apparatus
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9
Q

What do proteins require in order for efficient export from the ER?

A

An exit signal

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10
Q

What protein coating on the vesicle interacts with the ER membrane causing the vesicle to bud off?

A

COPII

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11
Q

When do vesicles shed their COPII protein coat?

A

Once they have budded off the ER

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12
Q

What is homotypic fusion?

A

The fusing of alike vesicles to form VTCs

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13
Q

What is a VTC?

A

Vesicular tubular cluster

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14
Q

What does the fusion of VTCs to the cis cisterna result in?

A

Release of cargo into the cisterna

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15
Q

What mediates the release of cargo into the cisterna?

A

The decrease in pH ; the golgi apparatus is more acidic than the ER

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16
Q

What type of protein coating is on vesicles which bud from the golgi apparatus headed for the ER?

A

COPI

17
Q

What type of proteins are retrieved from the golgi apparatus?

A

Proteins involved in ER budding

Resident ER membrane proteins

18
Q

Describe the process by which proteins move through and out of the golgi apparatus.

A
  1. VTCs displace and becomes the cis golgi network
  2. The cis golgi network displaces and becomes the medial golgi network
  3. The medial golgi network displaces and becomes the trans golgi network
  4. Vesicles bud from the trans golgi network until it is all gone and is then replaced by the medial golgi network
19
Q

Where does N-linked glycosylation occur?

A

In the ER

20
Q

Where does O-linked glycosylation occur?

A

In the golgi apparatus

21
Q

What happens during the oligosaccharide processing?

A

Various sugars are added and trimmed as the protein passes through the golgi apparatus

22
Q

What oligosaccharide processing occurs in the cis cisterna?

A

Mannose trimming

23
Q

What oligosaccharide processing occurs in the medial cisterna?

A

Mannose trimming

N-acetyl glucosamine addition

24
Q

What oligosaccharide processing occurs in the trans cisterna?

A

Galactose addition

N-acetylneuraminic acid addition

25
Q

What is O-linked glycosylation?

A

The addition of sugars to the -OH group of serine, threonine and hydroxylysine
Additional residues are then added

26
Q

What enzyme catalyses O-linked glycosylation?

A

Glycosyl transferase

27
Q

What are the four types of protein modification that occur in the golgi apparatus?

A

Oligosaccharide processing
O-linked glycosylation
Phosphorylation of oligosaccharides on lysosomal proteins
Sulphation of tyrosine and carbohydrates

28
Q

Where does the phosphorylation of oligosaccharides on lysosomal proteins occur?

A

In the cis golgi network

29
Q

Where does the sulphation of tyrosine and carbohydrates occur?

A

In the trans golgi network

30
Q

What does the sulphation of tyrosine and carbohydrates results in?

A

An increase in their negative charge

31
Q

What are the functions of glycosylation?

A

Protein marker
Protector
Cellular marker
Regulatory roles

32
Q

What does glycosylation result in proteins being markers for?

A

Complete folding
Sorting within the golgi apparatus
Targeting transport between the ER and the golgi apparatus

33
Q

What does glycosylation result in proteins being protected against?

A

Proteases

34
Q

What does glycosylation result in proteins being cellular markers for?

A

Cell to cell recognition

Cell to cell adhesion

35
Q

What regulatory roles does glycosylation result in?

A

Alterations to glycosylated proteins on the cell surface may alter the activity within the cell

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