GOC 2

Question 1

Introduction to Reaction mechanism

Answer 1

In an organic reaction, the organic molecules also refer to as substrate, reacts with an appropriate attacking indication and leads to the formation of one or more intermediate and finally products.

Question 2

General reaction is depicted

Answer 2

Organic molecule,– attacking reagent–>, intermediate, –> product or by product

Question 3

substrate

Answer 3

Substrate is that reactant which supplies carbon to the new bond and the other reactant is called reagent.

Question 4

Reaction mechanism

Answer 4

A sequential account of each step describing details of electron movement, energetics during bond cleavage and bond formation and the rates of transformation of reactants into products (kinetics) Is referred to as reaction mechanism

Question 5

Fission of a covalent bond

Answer 5

A covalent bond can be broken by heterolytic fission or heterolysis or homolytic fission or homolysis.

Question 6

heterolytic cleavage

Answer 6

In heterolytic cleavage, the bond breaks in such a fashion that the shared pair of electron remains with one of the fragments.

One atom has a sexted of electronic structure and a positive charge and the other a valence octet with at least one lone pair and a negative charge.

Question 7

carbocation

Answer 7

a species having a carbon atom possessing sextet of electrons and a positive charge is called carbocation.

Question 8

the organic reaction which proceeds through heterolytic bond cleavage are called ________

Answer 8

ionic or heteropolar or just polar reactions

Question 9

Properties of carbocation

Answer 9

• Highly unstable reactive species.
• Alkyl groups directly attach to the +vely charged carbon, stabilise the carbocation due to inductive effect and hyper conjugative effect.
• shape of the methyl carbocation is trigonal planar due to sp2 hybridization.

Question 10

carbanion

Answer 10

the carbon Species containing a negative charge on the carbon atom are known as carbon ions they are unstable reactive species.

Question 11

homolytic fission or homolysis

Answer 11

In homolytic cleavage one of the electrons of the shared pair in a covalent bond goes with each of the bonded atoms. Thus in homolytic cleavage the movement of a single electron takes place instead of electron pair.

such cleavage results in the formation of neutral species (atom or group) which contains an unpaired electron. These species are called free radicals.

Question 12

nucleophile

Answer 12

A reagent that brings an electron pair that is nucleus seeking and the reaction is called nucleophilic reaction.
NH3 and H2O behave as Lewis base.

Question 13

Electrophiles ( E+)

Answer 13

A reagent that takes away an electron pair that is electron seeking and teh reaction is called electrophilic.

Question 14

Conditions in which the displacement in organic molecule may take place.

Answer 14

• In the ground state under the influence of the atom or the substituted group.
• In the presence of an attacking reagent
• The electron displacement due to influence of an atom or a substituted group causes permanent polarization.