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SS: Race Religion and Resistance > Gobbets 1950+ (Q4) > Flashcards

Gobbets 1950+ (Q4) Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was John Haynes Holmes?

A

White exponent of the Social Gospel and community churches

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2
Q

What did Haynes Holmes seek to build?

A

An accepting, all-encompassing religious community

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3
Q

What denomination was Haynes Holmes a Reverend of?

A

The Unitarian Church

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4
Q

What is the significance of the Unitarian Church?

A

It was an intellectual and interracial church

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5
Q

What are some of the unconventional beliefs of the Unitarian Church? (3)

A

Rejected Holy Trinity - believed God was one being
Rejected Jesus as an incarnate deity - believed he was inspired by God and still a saviour from sins
Rejected original sin, predestination, and infalibility of the Bible

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6
Q

Why did Haynes Holmes leave the Unitarian Church in 1918?

A

Because it required ministers to pledge support for American participation in the war (pacifist)

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7
Q

What is the historical significance of Haynes Holmes rejoining the Unitarian Church in 1960?

A

It was the year after the publication of his Autobiography - I Speak for Myself

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8
Q

What was Haynes Holmes also (intellectual)?

A

An author and a lecturer

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9
Q

What is Haynes Holmes affiliation to the NAACP?

A

He was a cofounder of the NAACP in 1909 alongside WEB Du Bois

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10
Q

Why did Haynes Holmes help to found the American Civil Liberties Union in 1920?

A

In response to the suppression of free speech in WWI

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11
Q

What controversial thing did Haynes Holmes support?

A

Eugenics

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12
Q

What was Ghandi’s influence on Haynes Holmes? (3)

A

Non-violence and non-cooperation
Publicised the works of Gandhi from his pulpit in the US
Describes his meetings and interactions with G in his book My Gandhi

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13
Q

What is the extract from Haynes Holmes biography discussing?

A

Community religion

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14
Q

What does Haynes Holmes call for?

A

A reform of religion and church to create a democratic Christianity based on freedom, acceptance, and social idealism

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15
Q

Who was Herman Talmadge?

A

A white Southern politician who served as both the Georgia Governor and Senator

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16
Q

What did Talmadge and other white southern segregationists in this period point to?

A

Perceived evidence of God’s wrath in response to miscegenation e.g. Tower of Babel, Destruction of Sodom and Gomorra, The Flood

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17
Q

What did Talmadge order rather than desegregating schools?

A

The closure of schools

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18
Q

What is You and Segregation in some ways a response to?

A

The Brown v Board decision - he was explicitly critical about this

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19
Q

When can we see a turning point in Talmadge’s political career?

A

In the 1970s he reached out to Black voters in a complete volte face

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20
Q

How did Talmadge attract Black voters in the 1970s?

A

bc of educational reforms among other policies

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21
Q

What did Talmadge say in his 1994 Oral History interview with Stephen Tuck?

A

Changed his opinions on segregation as he got older and wiser
Couldn’t describe any specific triggering events
Didn’t recognise a point when he noted the change

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22
Q

What is the significance of You and Segregation being published in 1955?

A

It was written for campaign purposes in the run-up to 1956 Senate elections

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23
Q

What is the historiographical significance of Talmadge being reelected in 1956?

A

Counter Chappell’s argument but support Dailey

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24
Q

How does Talmadge widely condemn desegregation in You and Segregation?

A

By employing historical, political and scientific and religious arguments to justify segregation

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25
Q

In the specific chapter of You and Segregation what does Talmadge use to oppose miscegenation?

A

Religious rhetoric

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26
Q

What does Talmadge argue miscegenation is in You and Segregation?

A

The direct result of desegregation

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27
Q

What does Talmadge argue intermingling does in You and Segregation?

A

damages purity of either race

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28
Q

What does Talmadge argue segregation is in line with in You and Segregation?

A

Natural law

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29
Q

What does Talmadge point to evidence of in the Bible in Y&S?

A

God’s wrath in response to miscegenation

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30
Q

Who was Mark Ethridge?

A

A white journalist who was one of the most respected figures in American journalism

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31
Q

What was Mark Ethridge’s A Call to the South (source)?

A

Initially a speech given to the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Later published in the Nieman Reports

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32
Q

What is the historical significance of the speech being given to Southern Association of Schools and Colleges?

A

Calling upon southern educators specifically to guide next gen towards “new attitudes” to grow “new leaders” - C-REF Darrow but Darrow speaking to AAs
Education the priority

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33
Q

What is the historical significance of A Call to the South being later published in the Nieman Reports?

A

Journal on journalism issues

Purpose to elevate and promote standards of US journalism

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34
Q

Why does Ethridge say the South is one of the poorest sections of the US? (3)

A

An “unahppy people”
Southern economic growth behind that of the North
South behind economically and losing political power bc integration driven people into introversion

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35
Q

What does Ethridge say the South needs to do?

A

get over the bitterness and embrace tolerance

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36
Q

What is Ethridge’s biggest criticism of the south for?

A

“Insularity” and “isolationism”

“A secession from reason” - C-REF Myrdal?

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37
Q

`What does Ethridge argue the South need to relinquish in order to change it’s predicament?

A

Dedication to agricultural production

General romanticisation of the past

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38
Q

Why does Ethridge say relinquishing these things will allow the South to deal with the “stark realities of the present”? (3)

A

South refused many helpful legislations due to long-standing bitterness over CW, Reconstruction, and subsequent North South relations
Worsened by desegrationist ruling in Supreme Court (Brown vs Board)
Whole host of CR leg being received poorly in the South

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39
Q

What does Ethridge encourage people of “good will” to do?

A

to continue upholding the evolving law and expanding freedom of all people

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40
Q

Quick fire facts about King! (5)

A 
3rd generation Baptist Pastor
1954 - Pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1957 - Elected President of SCLC
Voting rights advocate
Integrationist
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41
Q

Who influenced King?

A

Mays and Ghandi

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42
Q

What were King’s key criticisms of the Black baptist Church? (5)

A

Advocated a politically active/engaged ministry
Anti-religious emotionalism
Questioned physical bodily resurrection of Christ in his youth
Believed the church’s wealth was a distraction
Religion and white supremacy

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43
Q

Between 1957-68 how many miles did King travel and how many times did he speak publicly?

A

travelled 6 million miles and spoke publicly 2500+ times

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44
Q

Evidence of King’s international recognition?

A

1964 Times Man of the Year

Youngest AA man to receive Nobel Peace Prize

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45
Q

When does King break away from the NBC and establish the Progressive NBC?

A

1961

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46
Q

What is the significance of King being deeply influenced by agape?

A

Non-violence not a strategy, but a moral and religious conviction for King

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47
Q

How did the Montgomery Buss Boycott 1956 change King’s view?

A

Changed his view from non-violent persuasion to non-violent coercion

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48
Q

What did King changing his view from non-violent persuasion to non-violent coercion mean in practice?

A

From relying on moral aspects of non-violence to persuade whites, to forcing change through direct action demonstrations

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49
Q

How long had King held his former position on relying on moral aspects of non-violence to persuade whites?

A

Only held former position for 15 months pre-boycott

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50
Q

Who does Savage argue that King and his generation built upon the work of?

A
  • An earlier group of southern black religious intellectuals
  • Like Bethune, Burroughs, and Mays,
  • ‘who combined a missionary impulse with a ministry founded on sacrifice and service, in education and in politics, both within and outside black religious institutions’
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51
Q

What does Best 2006 say the difference between Joseph Jackson and MLK’s approaches?

A

Jackson believed democratic Govt would eventually correct itself and so AAs would eventually achieve CR if all Americans unified around basic principles of Government
King tried to get people to live out these principles

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52
Q

What does Hitchmough 2011 say about King and Jackson’s differing methods/stances?

A

King/Jackson’s respective patriotism and relationship to America’s founding documents “transcends the simplistic conservative vs progressive label” often applied
Actually a philosophical/conceptual debate

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53
Q

What was Letter from Birmingham Jail a response to?

A

Response to “A Call for Unity”
Open letter
Published by local white clergymen

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54
Q

What did A Call for Unity say?

A

Criticism of MLK’s involvement in Birmingham campaign - called him an outsider
Argues fight vs social injustice should be in the courts not the streets

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55
Q

How was Letter from Birmingham Jail written?

A

On scraps of paper

Pieced together by members of movement

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56
Q

What does King do in Letter from Birmingham Jail?

A

Explaining his motivations
Justifies course of action being taken by CR demonstrators
Justified his involvement despite not being from Birmingham
Advocating non-violent direct action
Aiming to encourage those still demonstrating to continue
Highlighting hypocrisy of White Christians and White America

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57
Q

What is the historical context/significance of the Birmingham campaign?

A

Alabama police chief Bull Connor esp. Intolerant of CR protesters
Water hoses/police dogs on kids and adults
SCLC controversial decision to use children

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58
Q

What was the controversy surrounding publication of Letter from Birmingham Jail?

A

May 1963 extensive excerpts unconsensually published by NY Post Sunday Magazine
First published as Letter from Birmingham Jail June 1963 in leftist/pacifist/Xian mags

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59
Q

What was the impact of the Birmingham campaign? (4)

A

Bull Connor loses job
Widely publicised images of violence vs children
Forced desegration in Birmingham
Paved way for CR Act

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60
Q

What is Strength to Love?

A

Book of MLK’s Sermons adapted for written form

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61
Q

What is the significance of King’s disclaimer: “A sermon is NOT an essay to be read but a discourse to be heard” ? (3)

A

Certain impact lost with it being written down
MLK’s sermons tended to be sensationalised in order to stir crowd and achieve intended effect
Even as book went to press he was still worried force of his spoken words wouldn’t make the transition to the printed page

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62
Q

What are the key themes and messages of the sermons in Strength to Love? (4)

A

Importance of agape, unconditional love, going the extra mile to ensure well-being of others, avoiding retaliation as continues the cycle of hate and evil

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63
Q

Why does King argue in Strength to Love we need to move beyond retaliation?

A

to develop a strong mind and a tender heart

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64
Q

What is Strength to Love a concrete testament of and why?

A

MLK’s life-long commitment to preach the Social Gospel

It is a fusion of Christian teachings and social consciousness

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65
Q

What is the significance of the editors removing many familiar King phrases from Strength to Love?

A

More radical and critical messaging of MLK edited out of earlier sermons in Strength to Love, but in line with his views by Birmingham Jail - less millitant and more palatable to white audiences

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66
Q

What sort of things/themes were edited out of Strength to Love? (5)

A 
Assessment of segregation as one of “the ugly practices” of America
Anti-capitalist stance
Calls for transformation 
Depiction of colonialism as evil
Anti-war/anti-military sentiments
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67
Q

What is the significance of Strength to Love originally being proposed in 1957 to Head of Harper and Brothers religious books department ?

A

Arnold quoted in 1957 saying he hoped sermons would have a heavy emphasis on permanent religious values not topical events - EXPLICITLY MEANT TO BE A RELIGIOUS WORK AND NOT TOUCH ON SOCIAL ISSUES?

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68
Q

What was Strength to Love a mix of?

A

Mix of sermons worked on in jail and sermons that had become standard ones he preached
In jail for 15 days during Albany Movement (1961-62)

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69
Q

What were some new sermons drafted by King in Jail? (3)

A

Loving Your Enemies, Love in Action and Shattered Dreams

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70
Q

What were some standard King Sermons (2)?

A

Paul’s Letter to American Christians, What Is Man?

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71
Q

What was edited out of Transformed Non-Conformist (1953)?

A

First draft characterised early Church as anti-war - not in published sermon

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72
Q

Why was Strength to Love a landmark work? (3)

A

1st volume of sermons by an AA preacher widely available to a white audience
Cemented MLK’s identity as a compelling, well-educated and compassionate preacher
Prior most whites knew him only as a CR leader

73
Q

Why was Mahalia Jackson known as the “Queen of Gospel”?

A

MJ a well-established, important and popular musician - 30 studio albums

74
Q

What is the historical significance of Mahalia Jackson being a gospel singer?

A

Gospel music increased in popularity in 1960s with rise of radio

75
Q

What is the significance of Mahalia Jackson’s highly religious upbringing as the daughter of a Baptist minister? (5)

A

Her writing couched in religious rhetoric
Believed Gospel music inspired courage in people
Made a conscious effort to link musical displays and religion
Lifelong refusal to participate in secular music esp. rising alternative to gospel, Blues
Turned down high-paying opportunities to focus on gospel

76
Q

Why was Mahalia Jackson told by her singing teacher her style of singing was “not a credit to the Negro race”?

A

Bc lively and rhythmic

77
Q

What is the historiographical significance of Mahalia Jackson being chosen to sing at the Montgomery bus boycott and the March on Washington?

A

Her is the only woman’s voice hear at all during the March on Washington

78
Q

How did Mahalia Jackson defend spiritual and gospel music? (2)

A

By situating it within activism and demonstrating strong role freedom songs played in fight for freedom in the South

79
Q

What did Mahalia Jackson desire to do through music?

A

Lift people

80
Q

What does Mahalia Jackson’s form of uplift being different from figures like MLK and Malcolm X suggest?

A

She didn’t have access to those same methods

81
Q

What is the historical context within which Mahalia Jackson was using music as a means of inspiring courage at a time when method had lost traction throughout century?

A

Excessive emotionalism in Black Church’s, including spirituals, criticised by ministers and AAs for fostering a culture of dissemblance

82
Q

What was the distaste of emotionalism in Black Church’s rooted in?

A

Distaste rooted in fear of white society viewing them as unsophisticated/unable to move past their African heritage, and that this would prohibit racial uplift - c-ref Weisenfeld?

83
Q

How was Mahalia a proponent for non-violence?

A

Her singing places emphasis on non-violent element of CR doctrine
Music, words, and prayers combining for a collective non-violent expression of resistance

84
Q

What evidence supports the argument that admiration for Jackson transcended Black religious and political sects? (3)

A

Malcolm X described her as:
“greatest of them all”
Praised her humility for unannounced singing with Parish church congregations
Said she was “the first negro that Negroes made famous”

85
Q

What aspects of black culture did Mahalia repeatedly credit as playing a significant role in the development of her style? (4)

A

Slavery music she heard at church
Work songs from vendors on the streets of New Orleans
Blues and jazz bands
Also retained her dialect - challenged shame among middle/lower class AA for the speech patterns

86
Q

What is the link between Thurman and spirituals and Mahalia Jackson?

A

Long tradition of using music - gospel music new phase within this

87
Q

What is the significance of Singing of Good Tidings and Freedom being from Mahalia’s autobiography?

A

Same thing of Black women writing themselves into the narrative

88
Q

What is the contemporary and historical significance of Mahalia’s singing at March on Washington?

A

Performance to c.250k people at March but also on TV/radio
Millions of people across country and world also watching
Sense of audience and role that TV plays in expanding that audience - can speak to white audiences

89
Q

What does Mahalia argue music is and how in Singing of Good Tidings? (3)

A

Music = powerful tool for bringing hope and raising action
Deep affinity and connection from crowd in moment she began to sing
“It looked as if we had the whole city rocking”

90
Q

Why does Mahalia emphasise the importance of religion to the CRM? (3)

A

“I’m gonna tel my Lord when I get home”
Comfort to AA population that their long suffering not permanent and that an afterlife of “home” was waiting for them
Idea kept many CR activists going face of racism and white supremacy

91
Q

Why did Mahalia say freedom songs caught on? (2)

A

Because “music speaks a language to individual souls that cannot always be expressed by spoken word”
Could reach all levels of the Black community no matter level of education/religious denomination

92
Q

What is the historical context of “freedom songs” used by Civil rights organisations to motivate enthusiasm?

A

Spirituals originally sung by Slaves

93
Q

What did SNCC student activists do?

A

wrote new lyrics to some spirituals to sing time when such powerful displays of emotion and fervour in religion being undermined by clergy who linked such behaviours to backwards rural South

94
Q

Who was Joseph Jackson?

A

AA pastor

Longest-serving NBC President

95
Q

Who succeeded Joseph Jackson at Pastor of Olivet in 1941

A

Lacey Kirk Williams

96
Q

What was the change in Joseph Jackson’s civil rights stance?

A

Supported Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1956

By 1960 vs denomination’s involvement in Civil Rights

97
Q

What was the 1961 Baptist schism? (3)

A

Division over using united power of NBC to promote CR
Failure to oust Jackson
Led to creation of PNBC - MLK and Mays

98
Q

What was Joseph Jackson’s vocal stance of “civil rights through law and order” in direct opposition to?

A

Direct opposition to MLK’s civil disobedience

99
Q

What did Joseph Jackson believe respecting the existing system and adhering to American creed was enough to do?

A

enough to make a difference

100
Q

What did Joseph Jackson think would see promises of the Constitution and Declaration of Independence fulfilled? (3)

A

Patience, faith and a just system

101
Q

How did King’s view of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence differ from Jackson’’s?

A

King’s view of these docs as ones of liberation that should be used to place pressure on the morals of the nation

102
Q

Who did Joseph Jackson oppose?

A

Opposed those who promoted Black nationalism or sought a distinctive Black Theology

103
Q

What did Jackson’s opposition of direct action lead to?

A

1961 schism c. 500k members left

104
Q

What is National Baptist Philosophy of Civil Rights source?

A

Excerpt from book on NBC’s civil right philosophy under Jackson’s presidency (1955-82)

105
Q

What is Jackson defending his conservative black patriotism in the context of in NBP of CR?

A

Defending his conservative Black patriotism in context of criticsm he was receiving for seemingly having opposed CRM

106
Q

Though Jackson asserts he advocacted for welfare of all AAs, why does he say this was not enough to achieve freedom?

A

need to tackle economic power disparity (racists)

107
Q

What for Jackson did putting economics at the centre of his CR approach mean? (2)

A

Turning protest into production

Emphasis on need for AA economic independence

108
Q

What was significant about RFK’s tenure as Attorney General (1961-64)? (3)

A

Tenure associated with civil rights advocacy
1961 spoke to Freedom Riders in Alabama
BUT also authorised Hoover and FBI’s surveillance of MLK and SCLC

109
Q

What is significant about RFK being US Senator from NY (1965-8)?

A

Northern support base ?

110
Q

What is the significance of RFK being JFK’s brother?

A

Associated with his brother’s Civil Rights legacy

CR Act passed by LBJ as part of this

111
Q

How did RFK become the leading Democratic Presidential candidate?

A

Became leading candidate by appealing to poor, poc, Catholic and young voters in 1968

112
Q

What is the historical significance of Remark being an unprepared off-the-cuff speech at a rally in Indiana?

A

Expected to be giving a rousing campaign speech
Immediately following MLK’s assassination
1st person to publicly announce news
Released a formal response the next day “On the Mindless Menace of Violence”
At his presidential campaign rally in the heart of an AA ghetto in Indiana
Humanises him - intended to prove his genuine concern for the AA community by visiting and addressing assasination immediately

113
Q

How does RFK encourage AAs to choose assimilation and non-violence in his speech?

A

Promise of hope
Draws on MLK’s “I have a dream Speech”
Draws on message and oeuvre of MLK
Asking them to carrying on his fight and live his way
“MLK dedicated his life to love and to justice between fellow human beings. He died in the cause of that effort”

114
Q

How does RFK position MLK’s death?

A

As a collective loss not one for AA community

“Sad news for all of our fellow citizens, and people who love peace all over the world”

115
Q

How does RFK suggest that MLK’s assassination should be a turning point?

A

“It’s perhaps well to ask what kind of a nation we are and what direction we want to move”

116
Q

What does RFK say of Bitterness, hatred and revenge?

A

Can sucumb to this polarisation or turn to MLK’s way of life

117
Q

What does RFK relate AA’s suffering over MLK’s death to?

A

His own following JFK’s assasination

118
Q

What does RFK say the vast majority of AAs want?

A

Vast majority of Americans regardless of race want peace/harmony

119
Q

How successful was RFK’s speech?

A

Disturbances in 125 cities in 19 states but not where RFK gave speech

120
Q

Important to note about RFK?

A

Assassinated months later

121
Q

Who was Charles S Johnson?

A

American sociologist and college administrator

First Black President of Fisk

122
Q

What was Charles S Johnson a lifelong advocate for?

A

Lifelong advocate for racial equality and advancement of CR for AAs and ethnic minorities

123
Q

Why did Charles S Johnson prefer to work with liberal white groups as a “sideline activist”?

A

To get practical results

124
Q

Why did Charles S Johnson’s position often contrast with Du Bois?

A

Du Bois who was powerful and militant advocate for blacks and described Johnson as “too conservative”

125
Q

What did Charles S Johnson believe literature was?

A

“the soft spot…in the armor of the nation”

126
Q

Why did Charles S Johnson enrol in Sociology Department at Uni of Chicago?

A

wanted to train in a school that had strong religious affiliation

127
Q

What was Charles S Johnson among the first of?

A

He was among the first professionally trained black sociologists with access to the funds and institutional resources needed for large-scale research projects

128
Q

What did Charles S Johnson’s overall conclusions downplay?

A

His overall conclusions downplayed the degree to which his subjects allied themselves with religious beliefs. He simply accused the rural church of preserving anachronistic cultural values that might otherwise have been altered to better suit modern urban life

129
Q

What else does Charles S Johnson criticise the church for?

A

Criticising the church for not doing enough

130
Q

How was James Cone’s advocacy of black theology and black liberation theology a split from earlier thought?

A

No longer influenced by white theology

Claimed couldn’t look towards WT for ethical guidance

131
Q

What was Cone’s Black Theology and the Black Church (1977) originally?

A

Originally a lecture for Black Theology Project

132
Q

What was Cone’s Black Theology and the Black Church (1977) an opportunity to do?

A

Opportunity to respond to criticism he had received for his interpretations

133
Q

What was Black Theology and the Black Church (1977) motivate by?

A

Motivated by challenge of Black Power, Criticism of Christianity and Black Church to create a Black theology in response and “Save” Christianity
Trying to convince that it is possible to be a Christian and Black

134
Q

What did James Cone’s articulation of a Black liberation theology say about God and Christ in Christianity? (2)

A

God on the side of the oppressed

Jesus a quintessential symbol of liberation

135
Q

What does Cone say Black theology is and why? (2)

A

Black theology = a form of activism

Directly opposed to unchristian White Theology

136
Q

What does Cone call the gospel of Black Power?

A

The assertion of Black humanity and Christ’s central message to 21st century America

137
Q

How was Cone’s black theology inspired by MLK and Malcolm X?

A

“You might say we took our Christian identity from Martin and our emphasis on Blackness from Malcolm”

138
Q

What is the significance of Cone’s text being an academic reasoned response?

A

It is an intellectual process

139
Q

Why was Cone’s academic reasoned response so radical?

A

Complete reinterpretation of Black Christianity

140
Q

How was Cone’s academic reasoned response different from the sociological perspective of earlier?

A

Focus on Church and its theology, not just how it is run and planned

141
Q

The historical context of Cone’s work? (4)

A

Time when churches and other religious groups contemplating how they were going to move forward post CR-period
Discussion still going on a decade after height of CRM
Black Church faced a dilemma when Black Power statement on whether to condemn it as Unchristian and unAmerican in line with whites or accept it
Lots of AAs a Black Divinity Schools criticised churches for being too conservative and influenced by white religious traditions

142
Q

Facts about Malcolm X’s Childhood/upbringing? (4)

A

Born Malcolm Little
Dad - outspoken Baptist minister
Parents UNIA members
Instilled Black Price and self-reliance in their children

143
Q

What is the historical significance of X’s imprisonment? (5)

A

Period of self-enlightenment studying teachings of Elijah Muhammad
White society actively worked to keep AAs from empowering themselves and achieving political, economic, and social success
Converted to Islam and became a member of NOI
Changed his name - X symbolises his lost tribal name
AAs lost their genealogy - reclaiming heritage and distancing himself from slave owners

144
Q

What is the significance of X becoming the face of the Nation of Islam?

A
  • Largely credited with increase in membership

- 1952 - 500 members; 1963 - 300k members

145
Q

What is the historical significance of Elijah Muhammad’s affair on X’s life and thought? (5)

A

Shattered his worldview
No longer viewed him as a living prophet
Believed NOI Islam based on lies tf fraudulent
Left NOI
Founded his own religious organisation: The Muslim Mosque Incorportated

146
Q

What is the historical significance of X’s Mecca Pilgrimage?

A

Following his departure from NOI

Contested whether this was a turning point in his life

147
Q

What is the historical significance of X’s articulation of the “gospel of ‘Black Nationalism’”? (2)

A

Still a Muslim but later situates his values in this instead of Muhammed’s teachings
Didn’t see need to migrate ‘Back’ to Africa but ideology rooted in earlier ideas of the Black Social Gospel and the racial separatism encouraged by Garvey

148
Q

What is the significance of Malcolm X to the CRM?

A

National conversation about nature of CRM represented one aspect of what was happening locally - due to focus on MLK
Militant activists like X portrayed as being outside the mainstream of Black thought but were widely known
Anti-accomodationist tactics
Need to overhaul system and demand rights
Described March on Washington as a “farce on Washington”

149
Q

What is the significance of the Ballot or the Bullet 1963 being a speech delivered at Cory Methodist Church to the Cleveland chapter CORE? (2)

A

Likely influenced themes of unity and anti-accomodationist tones of speech
Performative piece - trying to persuade audience and gain their support/attention

150
Q

What does X stress the need for in the Ballot or the Bullet?

A

Need for action from Black Community

151
Q

Despite willingness to cooperate w wider movement why is X still critical and frustrated with accommodating position often adopted by Black activists? And why does X argue for the importance of a united stance and collective action vs white supremacy in Ballot or Bullet? (2)

A

Cannot aim to function peacefully within structures of white supremacy
Equality and respect not things black Americans should ask the white man for, it is an attitude they should demand and deserve

152
Q

What does X say about the Gospel of Black Nationalism in Ballot or the Bullet? (3)

A

It is the autonomy of AAs in controlling their politics, economy, and general society
Being taught everywhere
Transcends religious divisions, political organisational divisions, freethinkers and religious officials

153
Q

What does X say about the power of the Ballot to achieve autonomy? (3)

A

Ultimatum for US government
Without a political arm AAs going to be forced to “cast a bullet”
Not explicitly advocating violence but emphasising that passivity is not an option

154
Q

What is the historical significance of the Ballot and the Bullet speech being in 1964?

A

Lead up to 1964 Presidential election - reason why he he thinks it urgent that AAs unite and can vote to make change
Notes fallacy in this logic as politicians in Senate and not electorate who had final say on CR

155
Q

What is the significance of the Ballot or the Bullet being post-X’s expulsion from NOI for X’s oeuvre ? (3)

A

Clear shift in his personal philosophy
Still considered himself muslim but now situated his values in Gospel of Black Nationalism
NOI forbid its members from participating in political processes and refused to engage with the CRM

156
Q

How does X’s Ballot or the Bullet challenge traditional historiographical view on Black Power? (3)

A

Stokely Carmichael’s 1966 articulation of Black Power seen as separate and distinct from CRM
Speech indicates Black Power being considered before historians traditionally thought
Revisionist view that it sprung up in 1966 and was different from CRM - not necessarily mutually exclusive

157
Q

What is the historical significance of X being assassinated the following year in Feb 1965?

A

not sure but also important to note he goes to Mecca April 1964 same month as Ballot or Bullet speech

158
Q

What is the significance of X’s 1965 autobiography as told by Alex Healey?

A

Based on interviews with X
Began interviews before split from NOI so able to record change over time
Writes autobiography years later
Initially meant to be a biography about a religious conversion but stops being about that
Healey convinced X to keep religious bits to attract an audience
Doesn’t distinguish between his voice and Malcolm’s - unclear what is truly X

159
Q

What does X’s autobiography say about race and racism? (3)

A

Starts with a passive acceptance of the effects of racism
Starts to gain and emphasise self-respect amongst AA men
Belief in the potential for a brotherhood of all men?

160
Q

What does X’s autobiography say about religion? (3)

A

Continuous struggle to find a faith in which can flourish spiritually and intellectually
The brotherhood of the Hajj emphasises a religion in which everyone is equal under the one true God, in which there are no good or bad races and there are no “Divine Men”
Explanation of his time as a minister for NOI and their advocacy of separatism

161
Q

Why does X’s autobiography argue Bible is the worst weapon of whites? (3)

A

Christianity active tool to oppress AAs as whites will never change how they interpret the Bible
Church silence and passive on purpose - will always be a tool of subjugation
BUT leaves space for Cone and Black theology because of emphasis on oppressiveness of Christianity in white man’s hands

162
Q

How are X’s autobiography and Ballot or the Bullet different with regards to religion?

A

Very different to Ballot and Bullet’s decentring of religion and divides - maybe haley’s doing not X’s by this point?

163
Q

What does X’s autobiography say about class differences? (5)

A

Acknowledges this as the cause of disunity in AA community
Middle-class Blacks fake sense of status blinds them to their inferior status in America and makes them hostile to change
Roxbury, Boston - mc Blacks segregated themselves from lc despite in practical terms having hardly any more wealth
Seeks support of the Black intelligentsia
Racial justice should be the true and unified struggle for all AAs not class warfare

164
Q

Who was Albert Cleage

A

AA nationalist Christian minister

Ordained in Congregational Church

165
Q

What is evidence that Cleage became more involved in Black Nationalism in the 1970s, following his Myths about Malcolm speech? (4)

A

Changed his name
Rejected some of the principles of racial integration
Began to rethink eurocentricity of the Christ event
Broke from white congregation and formed Pan-African Orthodox Christian Church

166
Q

What do many of Cleage’s published sermons do?

A

Many of his published sermons criticise non-violent strategy of CRM and emphasised Black Power platform

167
Q

What is evidence of Cleage’s being an influential political figure in the Detroit CRM?

A

Chairman of the Detorit Inner City Organizing Committee

168
Q

What is the significance of Myths about Malcolm (1967) being originally a speech given at a memorial meeting for Malcolm X at the Friday Night Socialist Forum in Detroit?

A

Well-known in this area
Socialist audience - influenced/tailored content of speech
Relates X to Panthers and CRM - believed X laid entire foundation for Carmichael and Panthers and even the CRM

169
Q

What does the Later publication of Myths about Malcolm in International Social Review suggest?

A

Suggests was a success among the audience

170
Q

What does Cleage do in source?

A

Rejects a number of myths he believes had been perpetuated about X since his death

171
Q

What does Cleage argue is at risk?

A

What X stood for and his message at danger of being lost

172
Q

What does Cleage argue are the myths? (3)

A

Myth that he changed his perspective of whites post-Mecca and became an integrationist, attempted to internationalise Black Man’s struggle and take troubles to UN w help of Black Africans

173
Q

How does Cleage discount the content of the Ballot or Bullet?

A

Says X doesn’t mean it

174
Q

What does Cleage say needs to be preserved?

A

Need to preserve memory of X who operated from powerbase of Muslims pre-split w NOI when he became an individual

175
Q

What does Cleage say is the main principle that cannot be forgotten?

A

Main principle of X that cannot be forgotten is that the white man was the enemy and integration was impossible

176
Q

How do Cleage compare X to Jesus?

A

Compares X to Jesus and people attaching meaning to his life that might not have been there following his death

177
Q

Why does Cleage think he has the authority to reject these myths?

A

Personal reflection on X’s significance having known him personally
Believes this gives him ability/knowledge to reject these myths

178
Q

What does George Breitman do? (5)

A

Gave another talk on same topic three weeks later
Written about subject before
Responded to points made by Cleage
Battle for Historical hegemony already being fought
Largely agreed with Cleage, but disagreed on point that real Malcolm would be forgotten or obscured through distortion

SS: Race Religion and Resistance (4 decks)

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