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SS: Race Religion and Resistance > Gobbets 1860-1900 (Q1) > Flashcards

Gobbets 1860-1900 (Q1) Flashcards

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1
Q

When was WEB DuBois alive?

A

1868-1963

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2
Q

Who was DuBois?

A

A highly educated academic

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3
Q

What academic institutions did DuBois attend?

A

Harvard, University of Berlin and Fisk a HCBU

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4
Q

Where was DuBois the first AA to gain a doctorate from?

A

Harvard

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5
Q

What was Du Bois affiliation to the NAACP?

A

He was one of the founders, edited The Crisis, and IBW believed he excluded from its founders list because of his own personal dislike of her

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6
Q

What did Du Bois do as leader of the Niagara Movement?

A

Demand voting rights, higher education and freedom of press for AAs

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7
Q

What did Du Bois believe concerning the Talented Tenth?

A

That they were the AA political elite who would bring about full civil rights and uplift the race

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8
Q

When and what was the turning point which changed the direction of Du Bois’ career?

A

The 1899 lynching of Sam Hose - it provoked the realisation that he could no longer remain a calm and detached scientist while AAs were being lynched

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9
Q

When did Du Bois become a member of the Communist Party?

A

1961

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10
Q

Where did Du Bois move to upon renouncing his US citizenship in the 1960s?

A

Ghana

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11
Q

Did Du Bois believe in militant protest and agitation?

A

Yes, he was a firm believer in this

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12
Q

Was Du Bois principally concerned with the spiritual progress of AAs?

A

No, he was primarily concerned with the intellectual progress of AAs

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13
Q

How did Du Bois see himself?

A

As an interpreter of everyday life - he engaged with this everyday culture but did not practice it himself

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14
Q

What was Du Bois key contribution to sociology?

A

Including AAs and the Church

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15
Q

What was Du Bois key critique of white academia?

A

How they looked at AA cultures and peoples. He wanted to bring AA life into white academic spaces in a better way.

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16
Q

Was WEB Du Bois pro religion or anti-religion?

A

His religious stance was confused, and he had a personal struggle with faith

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17
Q

Why was Du Bois sympathetic towards Social Christianity?

A

Social Christianity as he believed in the benefits of religious teaching in justifying the social development of poorer people

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18
Q

What did Du Bois believe the Black Church was (in relation to progress)?

A

He believed it was an impediment to progress which needed to be managed due to the power of religion in the lives of AA

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19
Q

For Du Bois, the Church was primarily an economic institution that possessed the potential to do what?

A

He saw it primarily as an economic institution that !!possessed the potential to become a communal, cooperative enterprise!!!

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20
Q

Why was Du Bois critical of the clergy?

A

Because they were immoral and failing to address the real economic needs of the people

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21
Q

Why was Du Bois critical of White Christianity?

A

Because of its exclusivity

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22
Q

What does Evan’s say Du Bois’ criticism of the Black Church needs to be place alongside?

A

His detailed studies of local Black communities and more positive racially essentialist claims about Black Christianity

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23
Q

What were Du Bois’ Pan-Africanist views and actions?

A

He helped organise conferences to fight for the independence of African colonies from European powers and believe a Black national identity for the diaspora could be mobilised in social, economic and political spheres globally

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24
Q

What was Booker T Washington’s Atlanta Compromise that Du Bois opposed?

A

The proposal that AAs submit to white political rule in order to gain basic and economic opportunities

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25
Q

When was the Religion of the American Negro published?

A

1900

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26
Q

Who wrote The Religion of the American Negro?

A

WEB Du Bois

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27
Q

Where was the Religion of the American Negro Published?

A

In a secular academic journal as an essay and later it is included in chapter 10 of The Souls of Black Folk titled “Of the Faith of the Fathers”

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28
Q

What does The Religion of the American Negro/Of the Faith describe?

A

A story from Du Bois’ past as a rural school teacher attending an AA southern church

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29
Q

How is it clear in The Religion/Of the Faith that what is Du Bois is alien to him and specific to the Southern rural church?

A

He describes emotionalism using words with negative connotations like “frenzy”

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30
Q

In The Religion/Of the Faith what is the role of music?

A

It is an expression of sorrow, despair or hope and it adapts and changes

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31
Q

In The Religion/Of the Faith what is the role of the preacher according to Du Bois? (4)

A

Orator, Leader, Boss, Politician

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32
Q

How does The Religion/Of the Faith suggest the Church is the social centre of AA lives?

A

It discusses its significance, power and the importance it has in AA lives

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33
Q

In The Religion/Of the Faith why is it shown that it is important to study AA religious practices?

A

Because it is crucial to understanding general AA history because of its influence on AA Christians, and the Methodist and Baptist Churches as a whole

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34
Q

Historically, according to Du Bois, in The Religion/Of the Faith what has the Black Church done?

A

Restrict AA progress from slavery until today as prevented people from preparing for the betrayal as viewed it as heavenly salvation/liberation and continued to support suffering

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35
Q

When was Du Bois the Negro Church from? (year)

A

1903

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36
Q

What is Du Bois the Negro Church? (type of source)

A

A report summarising his sociological survey of AA religion in the US

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37
Q

What is Du Bois the Negro Church adjoined to?

A

The 8th Conference for Study of Negro Problems in Atlanta

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38
Q

What is Du Bois the Negro Church responding to directly?

A

The published assertions that Blacks are immoral - it includes several extract attesting to their morality

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39
Q

What does Du Bois the Negro Church want to do?

A

Analyse AA religion in its lived social context

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40
Q

What is Du Bois the Negro Church the first book-length sociological study of?

A

AA religion in the US

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41
Q

What does Du Bois trace in “the Negro Church”?

A

Traces the history of the Negro Church to the present-day

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42
Q

What does Du Bois note about the church in (1903)?

A

That it is improving but also its failings

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43
Q

What does Du Bois the Negro Church call for for Black people?

A

A religious rebirth and a move away from emotional fervour

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44
Q

In the Negro Church, what does Du Bois argue acculturation has done to the Church?

A

Made it more effective as a political organ but stripped it of its emotional power - a Catch 22

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45
Q

What does Du Bois in “the Negro Church” argue a religious rebirth would entail?

A

Harnessing the influence of the Church to become a source of mighty social power

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46
Q

What does Zuckerman (2003) say about the Eighth Conference for Study of Negro Problems in Atlanta?

A

Reformist link of conference; socially conscious scientific method
Age of biological determinism and pseudoscience - bc of this DB’s challenge of ideas of AAs as naturally degenerate and evolved slower fell on deaf ears

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47
Q

When did A Litany at Atlanta come out?

A

1906

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48
Q

Who wrote A Litany at Atlanta?

A

WEB Du Bois

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49
Q

When was there a white supremacist revolution in Atlanta?

A

1898-1908

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50
Q

Where was A Litany at Atlanta written?

A

In a Jim Crow car on its way to Atlanta following the race riots

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51
Q

What was A Litany at Atlanta a response to?

A

The Atlanta Race Riots

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52
Q

What type of source is A Litany at Atlanta?

A

A literary piece that uses religious language. It is almost like a poem but also like a prayer.

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53
Q

Where is A Litany at Atlanta publish?

A

The Independent New York (northern newspaper)

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54
Q

Historical context for the Atlanta Race Riots “A Litany” is in response to: (3)

A
  • Hysteria over false rumours of rape
  • Southern police brutality
  • Four day rampage that indiscriminately killed AA men, women and children
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55
Q

What does Du Bois express in A Litany at Atlanta ?

A

The trauma of such a catastrophic event

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56
Q

How does Du Bois question God in A Litany at Atlanta ?

A

“Tell us the plan; give us a sign”

“Surely Thou art not too white?”

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57
Q

What does Du Bois counter in A Litany of Atlanta and how?

A

The Black Peril/Rape myth posited by whites as the cause of miscegenation and calls for AA women to be protected

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58
Q

Why does Du Bois criticise the media and politicians in A Litany at Atlanta?

A

Newspapers in Atlanta at time controlled by white gubernatorial election candidates feeding anti-Black agenda inciting mobs

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59
Q

When was Ida B Wells alive

A

1892-1931

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60
Q

Who were IBW’s parents?

A

She was born to slaves

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61
Q

What killed IBW’s family?

A

Yellow fever

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62
Q

Why did IBW being teaching?

A

To support her surviving siblings

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63
Q

Why was IBW’s teaching contract not renewed?

A

she wrote critical editorials of actions of school

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64
Q

What did IBW do when she was asked to leave a ladies car?

A

Filed a suit successfully vs the railroad but it was blocked by the Supreme Court

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65
Q

What launched IBW’s journalism career?

A

Her suit against the railroad

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66
Q

What sparked IBW’s activism and why?

A

The 1892 lynching of friend Tom Moss as she had previously believed lynchings happened to innocent but not respectable people

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67
Q

What was IBW critical of from white women?

A

Their racism, complicity and hypocrisy

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68
Q

Why was IBW critical of AA men?

A

Because of their misogyny

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69
Q

When did IBW desegregate a suffrage march?

A

1913

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70
Q

How did IBW’s Christianity impact her activism?

A

She believed there was a God of Justice thus she believed that white people had the conscience to understand injustice if they were shown facts and evidence

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71
Q

What was IBW’s relationship to the NAACP?

A

She helped to found it but believed she was left off the founders list because of Du Bois personal dislike of her

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72
Q

When did IBW publish Southern Horrors?

A

1892

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73
Q

What did the title of Souther Horrors mock?

A

Southern Honour - the commonly cited justification for lynching

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74
Q

What does IBW advocate in Southern Horrors?

A

Arming oneself with weapons

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75
Q

Why does IBW say in Southern Horrors she was threatened with lynching?

A

Because of her articulation of the “threadbare lie.”

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76
Q

What was The Red Record (1895)?

A

The first statistical report on American lynching compiled by IBW

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77
Q

What did IBW do in her tours around Europe?

A

Raise awareness of the plight of AAs

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78
Q

When is Mob Rule in New Orleans published?

A

1900

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79
Q

Who writes Mob Rule in New Orleans?

A

IBW

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80
Q

What type of source is Mob Rule?

A

A pamphlet using reports from local newspapers - also done in Crusade

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81
Q

What is Mob Rule in New Orleans a response to?

A

The lynching of Robert Charles and the aftermath

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82
Q

What is the same message expounded in Mob Rule in New Orleans since Southern Horrors? (£)

A

Majority of lynchings committed vs innocent AAs.
Debunks white justification that lynching is a justified local form of legal retribution - really just trying to prevent Black success.
Reference to weapons - belief race struggle was militant.

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83
Q

What does IBW’s assurance that “God is not dead” in Mob Rule play into?

A

The hopeful narrative of “our time will come” often adopted by AAs in the late 19th century

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84
Q

What does Mob Rule suggest about IBW’s religious/theological beliefs/faith?

A

A belief in divine predestination and providence

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85
Q

What is contradictory about IBW’s claims to simply present facts and not “moralise” in Mob Rule?

A

She uses emotive writing and language choices

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86
Q

When was Crusade for Justice written?

A

IBW begins writing it in 1928 but never finished it

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87
Q

What did IBW’s daughter do for Crusade for Justice?

A

She published and edited it posthumously

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88
Q

When was IBW told to leave out talks on lynching?

A

When she was offered to be paid to deliver lectures following the success of her European tours

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89
Q

Why was IBW told to leave out talks on lynching in her paid lectures?

A

Because Slayton wanted to capitalise on the interest she had aroused but knew Americans did not want to hear about lynching

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90
Q

What did IBW feel when she was asked to leave out talks on lynching?

A

That getting her to “appear on the circuit” mattered more than what she had to say

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91
Q

Why did IBW refuse the circuit lectures?

A

Because she viewed not speaking about lynching as sacrilegious and that it was her God-given purpose

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92
Q

What did Slayton tell Ida she was?

A

Inexperienced

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93
Q

Why is IBW critical of white northern women in her conversation with Susan B Anthony?

A

She believes they are complicit in the racism of Southern women by not facilitating Black women’s groups or inviting them to meetings in the racist South

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94
Q

Who does IBW discuss as an example of male ally ship for women’s suffrage?

A

Frederick Douglass

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95
Q

Why did IBW collide with male ministry?

A

Her approach sometimes provoked backlash and contempt for her cause
Misogyny of clergyman

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96
Q

At times, what did IBW have to do to gain the support of Ministers Alliances?

A

Separate herself from what she was asking for their support for

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97
Q

Who is IBW writing to with Crusade for Justice?

A

Her critics

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98
Q

What does writing an autobiography enable IBW to do?

A

Set the record straight from her perspective and allow her voice to be heard

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99
Q

What does Ford III (2010) say Crusade for Justice reconstructs Ida as and why?

A

‘A dissonant element within collective agencies’ to give greater collective credence to activist efforts despite fact she actually often took a lone stance in life

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100
Q

Was Francis Grimke a slave?

A

He was an ex-slave

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101
Q

Which denomination was Grimke a minister within?

A

Presbyterian

102
Q

What was special about the Presbyterian Church?

A

It was not segregated. Members of all denominations and of diverse ethnic identities attended Grimke’s sermons.

103
Q

Where was Grimke a Pastor?

A

Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church in Washington DC

104
Q

How long did Grimke’s ministerial career span?

A

More than half a century

105
Q

What did Grimke make his Church?

A

An eminent part of the rapid development of DC in the late 19th century

106
Q

What was Grimke famous for?

A

He was a famous pulpit orator

107
Q

Were all of Grimke’s sermons about race?

A

He was not solely a race orator, it was very possible for his sermons to not touch on race.

108
Q

What did Grimke’s preaching include and focus on primarily and why?

A

Ideas about salvation and proper doctrine, but focus primarily on socially relevant topics as he wanted his sermons to be helpful

109
Q

What did Grimke stress as important to self-improvement? (3)

A

Character formation
Moral Integrity
Education

110
Q

What lens did Grimke work through consistently?

A

The lens of religiosity

111
Q

What did Grimke see the Christian ministry as?

A

A moral teacher

112
Q

When did Grimke begin his work (time period wise)?

A

When the Church was becoming increasingly conservative

113
Q

Was Grimke a Conservative?

A

He was theologically conservative and did not believe the Bible needed to change or was wrong

114
Q

What was Grimke critical of ministers for and why?

A

Their inadequate teaching of the Bible as he believed real Christianity was actively anti-racist

115
Q

What was a turning point for Grimke’s thought and how did it change?

A

The rise of Jim Crow moved Grimke from an accommodationist philosophy to a more strident demands for govt action in protecting civil rights of AA citizens

116
Q

How was Grimke socially progressive? (4)

A

He was involved in the lives of congregants
Part of the Niagara Movement
Helped found the American Negro Academy in 1897
Worked towards the creation of the NAACP

117
Q

According to Woodson, why was Grimke drawn to civil rights activism?

A

Because as a minister he believed he was “duty bound to plead for equality and justice in accordance with” Bible’s teachings

118
Q

When was Afro-American Pulpit in Relation to Race Relations given (date)?

A

1892

119
Q

Who’s source is Afro-American Pulpit?

A

Francis Grimke

120
Q

What is Afro-American Pulpit? (source type)

A

An Address to the Ministers Union in Washington DC

121
Q

What does Grimke stress the importance of in Afro-American Pulpit?

A

Ministers to racial uplift

122
Q

In Afro-American Pulpit, what does Grimke believe ministers are incorrectly focused on (3)?

A

Greed, wealth and frivolity

123
Q

In Afro-American Pulpit, what does Grimke warn about emotion?

A

The dangers of emotionalism and otherworldliness and the need for more instruction from the pulpit

124
Q

In Afro-American Pulpit, what is Grimke’s issue with levity in the Church?

A

There is too much place given to joking and exciting laughter by priests

125
Q

Why does Grimke say ministers are focused on greed in Afro-American Pulpit?

A

Everything is focused on collection

126
Q

In Afro-American Pulpit, what does Grimke say ministers should be focused on as it is the most important thing?

A

Character

127
Q

Why does Grimke believe character is the most important thing? (2)

A

The apostles, prophets, teachers in the Bible all stressed character too
Without character men are ignorant and ungodly because they have no moral standing

128
Q

What did Grimke believe the race needed in Afro-American Pulpit and why?

A

A strong moral base, despite the importance of intellect, wealth and education, as it was this that would ensure AA’s rise would be permanent

129
Q

What does Grimke in Afro-American Pulpit think this base should be?

A

Christianity

130
Q

What does Grimke think the pulpit needs to learn in Afro-American Pulpit?

A

To focus on what is best for the people and not what they want the most

131
Q

What does Grimke think would have happened if proper instruction had been given from the pulpit?

A

The race would stand higher

132
Q

When was God and the Race Problem ?

A

1903

133
Q

Who is speaking in God and the Race Problem?

A

Francis Grimke

134
Q

What is God and the Race Problem?

A

A sermon delivered at Grimke’s Church - 15th St Presbyterian in Washington DC

135
Q

What is Grimke criticising in God and the Race Problem?

A

Christianity for not addressing the issue of racism in the US

136
Q

Why does Grimke say that nationwide “the spirit of slavery is alive” in God and the Race Problem?

A

There is a desire to limit AAs advancing

137
Q

What are two contributing elements limiting AA progress according to Grimke in God and the Race Problem?

A

The educating system and the media’s characterisation of AAs

138
Q

What does Grimke give as an example for the media’s characterisation limiting AA progress in God and the Race Problem?

A

The media’s praise of William Pickens for being a “race traitor” in his criticism of Hatians

139
Q

What does Grimke in God and the Race Problem give as an example of the education system limiting AA progress?

A

The removal of Uncle Tom’s Cabin from NYC school’s libraries by the Board of Education

140
Q

Despite seeing God’s hand as on his race, what is Grimke focussed on in God and the Race Problem?

A

God, agency and the need to be active

141
Q

What is the context for Grimke’s critique of the White Church in God and the Race Problem?

A

The rise of JC –> need to act

142
Q

Who does Grimke believe are the enemies within the race in God and the Race Problem?

A

Those who train their children to live without God

143
Q

Who was Frederick Douglass?

A

An escaped slave who became the nationalist leader of the abolitionist movement

144
Q

What did Douglass do upon gaining his freedom?

A

He joined the AMEZ Church and became a licensed preacher in 18393

145
Q

What happened when Douglass married a white suffragist and abolitionist following his first wife’s death?

A

It caused a storm of controversy, her family refused to speak to her and his children considered it a repudiation of their mother

146
Q

What did Douglass believe in? (3)

A

Dialogue
Making alliances across racial and ideological divides
The liberal values of the US constitution

147
Q

In what ways was Douglass progressive?

A

He was active supporter of women’s suffrage and an early advocate for school desgregation

148
Q

What did Douglass’ accuse slaveowners’ (religious hypocrisy) (3)?

A

He accused them of wickedness, a lack of morality, and failing to follow the Golden Rule

149
Q

What does Douglass make a distinction between?

A

The Christianity of Christ and the Christianity of America

150
Q

Who else is Douglass critical of apart from slaveowners?

A

Religious people who were silent about slavery

151
Q

When does Douglass believe ministers committed blasphemy?

A

When they taught slavery was sanctioned by religion

152
Q

What are examples of Douglass’ integrationist stance (2)?

A

He did not favour the creation of all-Black towns and didn’t like the Back-to-Africa movement

153
Q

When was Lynch Law in the South published ?

A

1892

154
Q

Why is Lynch Law in the South significant?

A

It is Frederick Douglass’ last published essay

155
Q

Where was Lynch Law in the South published?

A

North American Review - a secular publication launched to foster a genuine American culture focused on improving society and elevating culture

156
Q

What was the context of Lynch Law in the South’s publication

A

World Columbian Exposition

157
Q

What did Douglas think the significance of the Chicago World Fair was for his writing and publication of Lynching piece?

A

the atrocities committed against AAs would attract the attention of visitors

158
Q

In Lynch Law in the South what is Douglass asking of the largely white audience?

A

To consider the consequences of American racial opinion

159
Q

What is Douglass addressing in Lynch Law in the South?

A

What he sees as an intensifying racial hatred and violence vs AAs in the south

160
Q

What does Douglass view the rise of racial hatred in the South as being caused by and why?

A

The success of freed Blacks since emancipation as white people viewed it as offensive and threatening when they are assumed as a “man among men”

161
Q

How does Douglass believe the 20th century can bring salvation and what does he believe is the alternative in Lynch Law in the South and why?

A

If public opinion remains interested in the issue, if not a more violent future is likely caused by the insanity that results from generations of oppression

162
Q

Who was AJC?

A

An AA clubwoman

163
Q

Where was AJC born?

A

In NC as a slave

164
Q

Why was AJC highly educated and qualified?

A

She was the 4th AA woman to earn a PHD and the principal of M Street HS in DC

165
Q

What women’s org was AJC excluded from?

A

The wctu

166
Q

Who pushed AJC out of her job and why?

A

Booker T Washington because he saw her as a threat

167
Q

Why did AJC see herself as adding a crucial perspective to contemporary conversations?

A

Because as a Black woman she didn’t believe other was capable of bringing this perspective

168
Q

When/where was The Status of Woman in America originally published?

A

In 1892 as a speech in Chicago at the World Fair

169
Q

Where was The Status of Woman in America later included?

A

In AJC’s book A Voice from the South - one of the first articulations of black feminism

170
Q

Who is AJC speaking to in Status of Woman?

A

To those she believes should be allies and telling them what they are missing out on

171
Q

Why does AJC AA women face a dual oppression in Status of Woman?

A

Because they do not sit comfortably in in the anti-racist movement or the suffrage movement because of white women’s racism and Black men’s misogyny

172
Q

In Status of Woman what does AJC allude to when discussing the dual oppression of AA women?

A

Redemptive suffering theodicy - says they are morally superior and possess unique talents

173
Q

Who does AJC highlight the significance of in Status of Woman?

A

AA women and the work they are doing

174
Q

What does AJC credit AA women for doing in Status of Woman?

A

Have used their growing influence and responsibility outside confines of domestic sphere well

175
Q

What is some evidence to support AJC’s discussion in Status of Woman of the role of AA women in racial uplift and their active participation in tackling social issues?

A

Accumulative era - BW taking up careers revolved around helping people and achieving justice e.g. prison reformers, hospital workers, teachers

176
Q

What does AJC diagnose as the solution to the problems of the era in Status of Woman and why?

A

Black women should be centred and at the forefront of change, not only because of redemptive suffering theodicy benefits, but also because others i.e. BLACK MEN, had made a meal of it “mess of pottage”

177
Q

What does Johnson (2005) note about female teachers during the period AJC is active? (3)

A

There was a disproportionate number of women teachers during AJC’s career - 1870 59%, 1900 70%
Teaching was restricted unmarried or widowed women
Women had the ability to rise to greater authority

178
Q

How is Status of Woman consistent with AJC’s thought?

A

Train analogy

179
Q

How does Status of Woman contrast to the Womanhood essay?

A

AJC more readily embraces new opportunities for AA women outside domestic sphere - contrasts with gender roles outlined in the ‘Womanhood’ essay

180
Q

Who was Booker T Washington?

A

Ex-slave

Part of the Union

181
Q

What does BTW stress in The Future of the American Negro 1899?

A

Need for education and the need to advance themselves

Should be done through an industrial education

182
Q

According to BTW in The Future - why do AAs remain enslaved to whites?

A

bc of the lack of opportunities

183
Q

According to BTW, AAs not inferior to whites but also?

A

Not superior

184
Q

Why does BTW say faith alone is not enough for AAs?

A

knowledge is needed in order to become more useful members of society

185
Q

Which political elite often asked BTW for advice?

A

Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft?

186
Q

What did BTW call for Black progress through?

A

education and entrepreneurship, rather than trying to directly challenge the Jim Crow segregation and the disenfranchisement of black voters in the south

187
Q

What did Du Bois and the NAACP try to challenge with limited success?

A

BTW’s machine for leadership in the black community, but they did build wider networks among white allies in the north

188
Q

What is the historical significance of BTW coming under heavy criticism for accommodationism to white supremacy after his death?

A

Revisionist view applauds his accomplishments

189
Q

Despite argued that confrontation would lead to disaster for outnumbered blacks in society, what did BTW do in secret?

A

fund litigation for civil rights cases

190
Q

Why was BTW’s Atlanta Compromise controversial?

A

Many in the north objected to being ‘led’ and authoritatively spoken for by a Southern accommodationist strategy which they considered to have been imposed on southern blacks by southern whites

191
Q

Who was Buckner H Payne?

A

White clergyman
Racist pamphleteer
Considered by many greatest logician in the South

192
Q

Who was Fannie Barrier Williams?

A

Educator, political activist, women’s rights activist

193
Q

What is key to note about FBW’s upbringing?

A
  • Born to a rich family in Brockport, NY
  • Father built a solid real estate portfolio and owned a profitable business
  • Intimate contact w white elite growing up - didn’t suffer direct discrimination
  • Family attended the First Baptist Church in Brockport
  • Father was a well-respected lay leader
  • Mother taught the Bible
  • FBW played piano
  • Only AA family in congregation
194
Q

How did FBW’s oeuvre change?

A
  • Early lectures and works supported Douglass’ militant, egalitarian protest ideology
  • By 1900 aligned BTW’s accomodationist stance, emphasis on industrial education and practical training
195
Q

What is the significance of FBW’s going to teach at a school for black in Missouri after graduation?

A

Turning point - had never experienced this level of racism before
Segregation, intimidation, physical assault, other degradations suffer by AAs
Said her world view shattered - led her to pursue lifetime of activism

196
Q

What was FBW’s experience studying music after teaching, in Boston, at New England Conservatory of Music?

A

Northern and southern students
Forced to leave bc southern white students objected to her presence
- significant because still in North South dictating !

197
Q

What is the significance of FBW going to teach in Washington DC?

A

Part of emerging education movement and community in DC

Met her husband here

198
Q

What is the significance of Chicago to FBW?

A
  • Settled here - husband admitted to Illinois Bar - successful law practice
  • Joined Unitarian Church - important context for her views - white and blacks (INTEGRATED)
  • Black elite of Chicago “Black 400” - New Gen - interracial coop key to building networks and gaining influence
199
Q

What is the significance of the Prudence Crandall Study Club to FBW?

A

Founding member of Prudence Crandall Study Club - formed by Chicago’s Black Elite
Led group known as the “Cultured Negro Ladies” alongside Mary Jones

200
Q

What is the significance of FBW’s affiliation to the Illinois Woman’s Alliance?

A

Not the norm for AA women to be included in white clubs
Provided a bridge bw women of PCSC and greater world of public activism
Became VP of IWA in 1889

201
Q

How did FBW utilise her alliance with the IWA?

A

Utilised her alliance with IWA to facilitate her entry into white women’s club movement
First AA woman to gain membership to Chicago Women’s Club in 1894
Her and her supporters received private and public threats

202
Q

What was FBW’s involvement with NACW?

A

She founded the National League of Colored Women which merged to form the National Association of Colored Women

203
Q

What was FBW the only AA woman chosen to do?

A

Only AA woman chosen to eulogise Susan B Anthony at the 1907 NAWSA Convention

204
Q

What is the provenance of the Intellectual Progress of Colored Women in America since the Emancipation Proclamation (1893)?

A

Address to the World’s Congress of Representative Women
At Chicago World Fair/Columbia Exposition
Integrated audience but predominantly white

205
Q

What is significant about the audience of FBW’s address for the content of the speech?

A

Speaking directly tooo WW hence deferential tone and urges for them to recognise AA women
Many of audience churchwomen - hence great emphasis on moral and spiritual growth rather than changes in economic situation in speech

206
Q

What does FBW dispute in Intellectual Progress

A

Disputes idea that slavery rendered AA women incapable of the same moral and intellectual levels as other women

207
Q

What does FBW encourage in Intellectual Progress?

A

Encouraging interracial cooperation and a unified “organised womanhood”

208
Q

What does FBW highlight in Intellectual Progress?

A

Highlighting the value of AA women to church and club activism bc of unique gifts and dual oppression

209
Q

What does FBW dismiss in Intellectual Progress?

A

Dismisses myths about AA women’s sexual immorality

210
Q

What is the significance of FBW founding the National League of Colored Women the same year as Intellectual Progress?

A

Suggests speech unsuccessful in encouraging white women to work with Black women

211
Q

Who does Payne influence?

A

Heavily influences Caroll’s work

212
Q

What was the 1867 Ethnological Origin of the Negro?

A

A pamphlet by Payne published under the pseudonym Ariel

213
Q

How does Ariel counter the Myth of Ham?

A

Argues AAs not descended from Ham as all Noah’s sons whites
Not descended from Adam and Eve as not descended from Noah
Descended from pre-Adamic beast preserved on Ark

214
Q

What is the significance of Ariel countering the Myth of Ham?

A

Had been used as justification for slavery and white supremacy
Challenges status quo

215
Q

How does Ariel/Payne emphasise AAs being a separate species and why?

A

Have no souls - not human

Highlights God’s shame at amalgamation/miscegenation

216
Q

What does Payne employ in his argument?

A

Scientific and Biblical “evidence”

217
Q

What are the two aims of Payne and work like his at the time?

A

1) Make the case for Segregation as divine law

2) Warn that transgression of this law would inevitably be followed by divine punishment

218
Q

Who did Payne receive criticism from at the time?

A

Rebuked by Robert A Young - ME Minister

Harrison Berry - literate slave from Georgia - dismisses pamphlet as confused and misguided

219
Q

What does Dailey say was the case for Ariel and narratives such as his?

A

For Ariel and narratives such as his, miscegenation was the Original Sin - root off all corruption in humankind

220
Q

Who was Orishatukeh Faduma?

A

Methodist Missionary
Educator
African cultural advocate

221
Q

What nationality was Faduma?

A

Born in Guyana

Became a naturalised US citizen in 1902

222
Q

Why is Faduma significant?

A

1st African student to enrol at Yale Divinity School (1891)

Changed Christian name to Yoruba in 1887

223
Q

What does Faduma attending a Wesleyan Boys School where he lived with Principal Reverend Claudius May explain?

A

Explains issues with excessive emotionalism and belief it was being expressed in a paganistic way because driven by emotion not morals

224
Q

What is the Defects of the Negro Church (source)?

A

Address to the American Negro Academy based in NY

225
Q

What is the significance of Defects being an Address to the American Negro Academy based in NY?

A
  • Established 1904 by prominent AA intellectuals to voice their opinions regarding AAs welfare
  • Faduma a member AND Only African to address ANA
  • Blurring of religious and secular
226
Q

What is Defects (summary of source)?

A

A constructive criticism of Church - highlighting weaknesses and areas of improvement

227
Q

What does Faduma emphasise?

A

Emphasis on unqualified, immoral, uneducated ministers

228
Q

What does Faduma say ministers are failing to do?

A

Failure to guide congregations and teach the gospel - esp. in rural areas

229
Q

What does Faduma see as a key defect of the Negro Church?

A

Sees neglect of rural communities as a key defect of the Negro Church

230
Q

What sort of worship does Faduma say is happening in Churches?

A

Surface level worship in Churches

231
Q

What are congregations not being trained with according to Faduma?

A

Not being trained with moral consciousness

232
Q

What does Faduma say the gospel needs to do?

A

Gospel needs to impact their whole lives not just their Sundays

233
Q

What does Faduma discuss in his critique of excessive emotionalism?

A

“Wailing women”
Paganization
Neurotic religion

234
Q

What does Faduma say about the church’s funds?

A

they are inadequate

235
Q

Why does Faduma think there is a hopeful future for the Church?

A

Emphasis on importance of education in future reform

236
Q

What does Faduma state is of the utmost importance for the Church to do?

A

Importance of Church’s foundations being securely laid before it can properly help in race struggle

237
Q

Who was James Walker Hood?

A

AMEZ Bishop

Founded 600 churches

238
Q

Why did Walker Hood likely support ordination of women?

A

His mother was outspoken and had an audience as a minister’s wife

239
Q

What did Walker Hood do?

A

Reclaimed Myth of Ham to give AAs a history to be proud of

240
Q

What does JWH argue in the Claims of the Gospel Message (1884)?

A

Importance of suffering in process of redemption
Suffering as a pedagogical tool
Theodicy - the devil sets snared
Jesus’ suffering

241
Q

What is the Source 100 years of AMEZ Church (1895)?

A

Complete history of AMEZ church
Encyclopedic
Denominational history

242
Q

What does 100 Years include?

A

Bibliographical sketches of church leaders
Regional histories
Many biblical references
Statistics

243
Q

What are the three stages of the history of AMEZ Church in 100 years?

A

Formation until 1821
Developing until 1863
Flourishing until present date (publication)

244
Q

What conflict does JWH consider in 100 yEARS?

A

Considers the conflict of uniting the AME and AMEZ churches

245
Q

What does JWH place AMEZ Church within?

A

Places his own denomination in the context of the larger black church movement

246
Q

What does 100 Years say of the Curse of Ham?

A

The curse placed upon Cain – Ham’s son
Interpreted as white supremacists and slaveholders
Justification for slavery/racial hierarchy
Ham was the founder of Egypt/Ethiopia
Advanced
If they’ve done it before, they can do it again
Trying to eradicate black history
We can’t be sure if there is a curse
Would it not have been sorted out by now?

247
Q

What is the significance of 100 years being published in 1895?

A

Published while AA Baptists organising their first nationwide org - NBC

248
Q

Who was Alexander Crummell?

A 
Born into free ancestry
Good education
Ordained in AME Church
Missionary
Founded American Negro Academy in 1897
249
Q

What is the Destined Superiority of the Negro (1877)?

A

a Thanksgiving discourse

250
Q

What are key points of Destined Superiority?

A

conclusions about the destiny of the Negro race
‘the history of the world is, in one view, a history of national destructions’
decaying populations
‘the Almighty seizes upon superior nations and, by mingled chastisements and blessings, gradually leads them on to greatness’
‘he glides more or less into the traits of his neighbours’
‘struggling for a place and position in this land’
‘He has brought this race through a wilderness of disasters’
links to Israelites
perdition
‘a vital being’
‘irrepressible’
‘pathway of progress’

SS: Race Religion and Resistance (4 decks)

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