Gobbets 1860-1900 (Q1) Flashcards
1
Q
When was WEB DuBois alive?
A
1868-1963
2
Q
Who was DuBois?
A
A highly educated academic
3
Q
What academic institutions did DuBois attend?
A
Harvard, University of Berlin and Fisk a HCBU
4
Q
Where was DuBois the first AA to gain a doctorate from?
A
Harvard
5
Q
What was Du Bois affiliation to the NAACP?
A
He was one of the founders, edited The Crisis, and IBW believed he excluded from its founders list because of his own personal dislike of her
6
Q
What did Du Bois do as leader of the Niagara Movement?
A
Demand voting rights, higher education and freedom of press for AAs
7
Q
What did Du Bois believe concerning the Talented Tenth?
A
That they were the AA political elite who would bring about full civil rights and uplift the race
8
Q
When and what was the turning point which changed the direction of Du Bois’ career?
A
The 1899 lynching of Sam Hose - it provoked the realisation that he could no longer remain a calm and detached scientist while AAs were being lynched
9
Q
When did Du Bois become a member of the Communist Party?
A
1961
10
Q
Where did Du Bois move to upon renouncing his US citizenship in the 1960s?
A
Ghana
11
Q
Did Du Bois believe in militant protest and agitation?
A
Yes, he was a firm believer in this
12
Q
Was Du Bois principally concerned with the spiritual progress of AAs?
A
No, he was primarily concerned with the intellectual progress of AAs
13
Q
How did Du Bois see himself?
A
As an interpreter of everyday life - he engaged with this everyday culture but did not practice it himself
14
Q
What was Du Bois key contribution to sociology?
A
Including AAs and the Church
15
Q
What was Du Bois key critique of white academia?
A
How they looked at AA cultures and peoples. He wanted to bring AA life into white academic spaces in a better way.
16
Q
Was WEB Du Bois pro religion or anti-religion?
A
His religious stance was confused, and he had a personal struggle with faith
17
Q
Why was Du Bois sympathetic towards Social Christianity?
A
Social Christianity as he believed in the benefits of religious teaching in justifying the social development of poorer people
18
Q
What did Du Bois believe the Black Church was (in relation to progress)?
A
He believed it was an impediment to progress which needed to be managed due to the power of religion in the lives of AA
19
Q
For Du Bois, the Church was primarily an economic institution that possessed the potential to do what?
A
He saw it primarily as an economic institution that !!possessed the potential to become a communal, cooperative enterprise!!!
20
Q
Why was Du Bois critical of the clergy?
A
Because they were immoral and failing to address the real economic needs of the people
21
Q
Why was Du Bois critical of White Christianity?
A
Because of its exclusivity
22
Q
What does Evan’s say Du Bois’ criticism of the Black Church needs to be place alongside?
A
His detailed studies of local Black communities and more positive racially essentialist claims about Black Christianity
23
Q
What were Du Bois’ Pan-Africanist views and actions?
A
He helped organise conferences to fight for the independence of African colonies from European powers and believe a Black national identity for the diaspora could be mobilised in social, economic and political spheres globally
24
Q
What was Booker T Washington’s Atlanta Compromise that Du Bois opposed?
A
The proposal that AAs submit to white political rule in order to gain basic and economic opportunities
25
When was the Religion of the American Negro published?
1900
26
Who wrote The Religion of the American Negro?
WEB Du Bois
27
Where was the Religion of the American Negro Published?
In a secular academic journal as an essay and later it is included in chapter 10 of The Souls of Black Folk titled “Of the Faith of the Fathers”
28
What does The Religion of the American Negro/Of the Faith describe?
A story from Du Bois' past as a rural school teacher attending an AA southern church
29
How is it clear in The Religion/Of the Faith that what is Du Bois is alien to him and specific to the Southern rural church?
He describes emotionalism using words with negative connotations like "frenzy"
30
In The Religion/Of the Faith what is the role of music?
It is an expression of sorrow, despair or hope and it adapts and changes
31
In The Religion/Of the Faith what is the role of the preacher according to Du Bois? (4)
Orator, Leader, Boss, Politician
32
How does The Religion/Of the Faith suggest the Church is the social centre of AA lives?
It discusses its significance, power and the importance it has in AA lives
33
In The Religion/Of the Faith why is it shown that it is important to study AA religious practices?
Because it is crucial to understanding general AA history because of its influence on AA Christians, and the Methodist and Baptist Churches as a whole
34
Historically, according to Du Bois, in The Religion/Of the Faith what has the Black Church done?
Restrict AA progress from slavery until today as prevented people from preparing for the betrayal as viewed it as heavenly salvation/liberation and continued to support suffering
35
When was Du Bois the Negro Church from? (year)
1903
36
What is Du Bois the Negro Church? (type of source)
A report summarising his sociological survey of AA religion in the US
37
What is Du Bois the Negro Church adjoined to?
The 8th Conference for Study of Negro Problems in Atlanta
38
What is Du Bois the Negro Church responding to directly?
The published assertions that Blacks are immoral - it includes several extract attesting to their morality
39
What does Du Bois the Negro Church want to do?
Analyse AA religion in its lived social context
40
What is Du Bois the Negro Church the first book-length sociological study of?
AA religion in the US
41
What does Du Bois trace in "the Negro Church"?
Traces the history of the Negro Church to the present-day
42
What does Du Bois note about the church in (1903)?
That it is improving but also its failings
43
What does Du Bois the Negro Church call for for Black people?
A religious rebirth and a move away from emotional fervour
44
In the Negro Church, what does Du Bois argue acculturation has done to the Church?
Made it more effective as a political organ but stripped it of its emotional power - a Catch 22
45
What does Du Bois in "the Negro Church" argue a religious rebirth would entail?
Harnessing the influence of the Church to become a source of mighty social power
46
What does Zuckerman (2003) say about the Eighth Conference for Study of Negro Problems in Atlanta?
Reformist link of conference; socially conscious scientific method
Age of biological determinism and pseudoscience - bc of this DB’s challenge of ideas of AAs as naturally degenerate and evolved slower fell on deaf ears
47
When did A Litany at Atlanta come out?
1906
48
Who wrote A Litany at Atlanta?
WEB Du Bois
49
When was there a white supremacist revolution in Atlanta?
1898-1908
50
Where was A Litany at Atlanta written?
In a Jim Crow car on its way to Atlanta following the race riots
51
What was A Litany at Atlanta a response to?
The Atlanta Race Riots
52
What type of source is A Litany at Atlanta?
A literary piece that uses religious language. It is almost like a poem but also like a prayer.
53
Where is A Litany at Atlanta publish?
The Independent New York (northern newspaper)
54
Historical context for the Atlanta Race Riots "A Litany" is in response to: (3)
- Hysteria over false rumours of rape
- Southern police brutality
- Four day rampage that indiscriminately killed AA men, women and children
55
What does Du Bois express in A Litany at Atlanta ?
The trauma of such a catastrophic event
56
How does Du Bois question God in A Litany at Atlanta ?
“Tell us the plan; give us a sign”
| “Surely Thou art not too white?”
57
What does Du Bois counter in A Litany of Atlanta and how?
The Black Peril/Rape myth posited by whites as the cause of miscegenation and calls for AA women to be protected
58
Why does Du Bois criticise the media and politicians in A Litany at Atlanta?
Newspapers in Atlanta at time controlled by white gubernatorial election candidates feeding anti-Black agenda inciting mobs
59
When was Ida B Wells alive
1892-1931
60
Who were IBW's parents?
She was born to slaves
61
What killed IBW's family?
Yellow fever
62
Why did IBW being teaching?
To support her surviving siblings
63
Why was IBW's teaching contract not renewed?
she wrote critical editorials of actions of school
64
What did IBW do when she was asked to leave a ladies car?
Filed a suit successfully vs the railroad but it was blocked by the Supreme Court
65
What launched IBW's journalism career?
Her suit against the railroad
66
What sparked IBW's activism and why?
The 1892 lynching of friend Tom Moss as she had previously believed lynchings happened to innocent but not respectable people
67
What was IBW critical of from white women?
Their racism, complicity and hypocrisy
68
Why was IBW critical of AA men?
Because of their misogyny
69
When did IBW desegregate a suffrage march?
1913
70
How did IBW's Christianity impact her activism?
She believed there was a God of Justice thus she believed that white people had the conscience to understand injustice if they were shown facts and evidence
71
What was IBW's relationship to the NAACP?
She helped to found it but believed she was left off the founders list because of Du Bois personal dislike of her
72
When did IBW publish Southern Horrors?
1892
73
What did the title of Souther Horrors mock?
Southern Honour - the commonly cited justification for lynching
74
What does IBW advocate in Southern Horrors?
Arming oneself with weapons
75
Why does IBW say in Southern Horrors she was threatened with lynching?
Because of her articulation of the "threadbare lie."
76
What was The Red Record (1895)?
The first statistical report on American lynching compiled by IBW
77
What did IBW do in her tours around Europe?
Raise awareness of the plight of AAs
78
When is Mob Rule in New Orleans published?
1900
79
Who writes Mob Rule in New Orleans?
IBW
80
What type of source is Mob Rule?
A pamphlet using reports from local newspapers - also done in Crusade
81
What is Mob Rule in New Orleans a response to?
The lynching of Robert Charles and the aftermath
82
What is the same message expounded in Mob Rule in New Orleans since Southern Horrors? (£)
Majority of lynchings committed vs innocent AAs.
Debunks white justification that lynching is a justified local form of legal retribution - really just trying to prevent Black success.
Reference to weapons - belief race struggle was militant.
83
What does IBW's assurance that "God is not dead" in Mob Rule play into?
The hopeful narrative of "our time will come" often adopted by AAs in the late 19th century
84
What does Mob Rule suggest about IBW's religious/theological beliefs/faith?
A belief in divine predestination and providence
85
What is contradictory about IBW's claims to simply present facts and not "moralise" in Mob Rule?
She uses emotive writing and language choices
86
When was Crusade for Justice written?
IBW begins writing it in 1928 but never finished it
87
What did IBW's daughter do for Crusade for Justice?
She published and edited it posthumously
88
When was IBW told to leave out talks on lynching?
When she was offered to be paid to deliver lectures following the success of her European tours
89
Why was IBW told to leave out talks on lynching in her paid lectures?
Because Slayton wanted to capitalise on the interest she had aroused but knew Americans did not want to hear about lynching
90
What did IBW feel when she was asked to leave out talks on lynching?
That getting her to "appear on the circuit" mattered more than what she had to say
91
Why did IBW refuse the circuit lectures?
Because she viewed not speaking about lynching as sacrilegious and that it was her God-given purpose
92
What did Slayton tell Ida she was?
Inexperienced
93
Why is IBW critical of white northern women in her conversation with Susan B Anthony?
She believes they are complicit in the racism of Southern women by not facilitating Black women's groups or inviting them to meetings in the racist South
94
Who does IBW discuss as an example of male ally ship for women's suffrage?
Frederick Douglass
95
Why did IBW collide with male ministry?
Her approach sometimes provoked backlash and contempt for her cause
Misogyny of clergyman
96
At times, what did IBW have to do to gain the support of Ministers Alliances?
Separate herself from what she was asking for their support for
97
Who is IBW writing to with Crusade for Justice?
Her critics
98
What does writing an autobiography enable IBW to do?
Set the record straight from her perspective and allow her voice to be heard
99
What does Ford III (2010) say Crusade for Justice reconstructs Ida as and why?
'A dissonant element within collective agencies’ to give greater collective credence to activist efforts despite fact she actually often took a lone stance in life
100
Was Francis Grimke a slave?
He was an ex-slave
101
Which denomination was Grimke a minister within?
Presbyterian
102
What was special about the Presbyterian Church?
It was not segregated. Members of all denominations and of diverse ethnic identities attended Grimke's sermons.
103
Where was Grimke a Pastor?
Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church in Washington DC
104
How long did Grimke's ministerial career span?
More than half a century
105
What did Grimke make his Church?
An eminent part of the rapid development of DC in the late 19th century
106
What was Grimke famous for?
He was a famous pulpit orator
107
Were all of Grimke's sermons about race?
He was not solely a race orator, it was very possible for his sermons to not touch on race.
108
What did Grimke's preaching include and focus on primarily and why?
Ideas about salvation and proper doctrine, but focus primarily on socially relevant topics as he wanted his sermons to be helpful
109
What did Grimke stress as important to self-improvement? (3)
Character formation
Moral Integrity
Education
110
What lens did Grimke work through consistently?
The lens of religiosity
111
What did Grimke see the Christian ministry as?
A moral teacher
112
When did Grimke begin his work (time period wise)?
When the Church was becoming increasingly conservative
113
Was Grimke a Conservative?
He was theologically conservative and did not believe the Bible needed to change or was wrong
114
What was Grimke critical of ministers for and why?
Their inadequate teaching of the Bible as he believed real Christianity was actively anti-racist
115
What was a turning point for Grimke's thought and how did it change?
The rise of Jim Crow moved Grimke from an accommodationist philosophy to a more strident demands for govt action in protecting civil rights of AA citizens
116
How was Grimke socially progressive? (4)
He was involved in the lives of congregants
Part of the Niagara Movement
Helped found the American Negro Academy in 1897
Worked towards the creation of the NAACP
117
According to Woodson, why was Grimke drawn to civil rights activism?
Because as a minister he believed he was “duty bound to plead for equality and justice in accordance with” Bible’s teachings
118
When was Afro-American Pulpit in Relation to Race Relations given (date)?
1892
119
Who's source is Afro-American Pulpit?
Francis Grimke
120
What is Afro-American Pulpit? (source type)
An Address to the Ministers Union in Washington DC
121
What does Grimke stress the importance of in Afro-American Pulpit?
Ministers to racial uplift
122
In Afro-American Pulpit, what does Grimke believe ministers are incorrectly focused on (3)?
Greed, wealth and frivolity
123
In Afro-American Pulpit, what does Grimke warn about emotion?
The dangers of emotionalism and otherworldliness and the need for more instruction from the pulpit
124
In Afro-American Pulpit, what is Grimke's issue with levity in the Church?
There is too much place given to joking and exciting laughter by priests
125
Why does Grimke say ministers are focused on greed in Afro-American Pulpit?
Everything is focused on collection
126
In Afro-American Pulpit, what does Grimke say ministers should be focused on as it is the most important thing?
Character
127
Why does Grimke believe character is the most important thing? (2)
The apostles, prophets, teachers in the Bible all stressed character too
Without character men are ignorant and ungodly because they have no moral standing
128
What did Grimke believe the race needed in Afro-American Pulpit and why?
A strong moral base, despite the importance of intellect, wealth and education, as it was this that would ensure AA's rise would be permanent
129
What does Grimke in Afro-American Pulpit think this base should be?
Christianity
130
What does Grimke think the pulpit needs to learn in Afro-American Pulpit?
To focus on what is best for the people and not what they want the most
131
What does Grimke think would have happened if proper instruction had been given from the pulpit?
The race would stand higher
132
When was God and the Race Problem ?
1903
133
Who is speaking in God and the Race Problem?
Francis Grimke
134
What is God and the Race Problem?
A sermon delivered at Grimke's Church - 15th St Presbyterian in Washington DC
135
What is Grimke criticising in God and the Race Problem?
Christianity for not addressing the issue of racism in the US
136
Why does Grimke say that nationwide "the spirit of slavery is alive" in God and the Race Problem?
There is a desire to limit AAs advancing
137
What are two contributing elements limiting AA progress according to Grimke in God and the Race Problem?
The educating system and the media's characterisation of AAs
138
What does Grimke give as an example for the media's characterisation limiting AA progress in God and the Race Problem?
The media's praise of William Pickens for being a "race traitor" in his criticism of Hatians
139
What does Grimke in God and the Race Problem give as an example of the education system limiting AA progress?
The removal of Uncle Tom's Cabin from NYC school's libraries by the Board of Education
140
Despite seeing God's hand as on his race, what is Grimke focussed on in God and the Race Problem?
God, agency and the need to be active
141
What is the context for Grimke's critique of the White Church in God and the Race Problem?
The rise of JC --> need to act
142
Who does Grimke believe are the enemies within the race in God and the Race Problem?
Those who train their children to live without God
143
Who was Frederick Douglass?
An escaped slave who became the nationalist leader of the abolitionist movement
144
What did Douglass do upon gaining his freedom?
He joined the AMEZ Church and became a licensed preacher in 18393
145
What happened when Douglass married a white suffragist and abolitionist following his first wife's death?
It caused a storm of controversy, her family refused to speak to her and his children considered it a repudiation of their mother
146
What did Douglass believe in? (3)
Dialogue
Making alliances across racial and ideological divides
The liberal values of the US constitution
147
In what ways was Douglass progressive?
He was active supporter of women's suffrage and an early advocate for school desgregation
148
What did Douglass' accuse slaveowners' (religious hypocrisy) (3)?
He accused them of wickedness, a lack of morality, and failing to follow the Golden Rule
149
What does Douglass make a distinction between?
The Christianity of Christ and the Christianity of America
150
Who else is Douglass critical of apart from slaveowners?
Religious people who were silent about slavery
151
When does Douglass believe ministers committed blasphemy?
When they taught slavery was sanctioned by religion
152
What are examples of Douglass' integrationist stance (2)?
He did not favour the creation of all-Black towns and didn't like the Back-to-Africa movement
153
When was Lynch Law in the South published ?
1892
154
Why is Lynch Law in the South significant?
It is Frederick Douglass' last published essay
155
Where was Lynch Law in the South published?
North American Review - a secular publication launched to foster a genuine American culture focused on improving society and elevating culture
156
What was the context of Lynch Law in the South's publication
World Columbian Exposition
157
What did Douglas think the significance of the Chicago World Fair was for his writing and publication of Lynching piece?
the atrocities committed against AAs would attract the attention of visitors
158
In Lynch Law in the South what is Douglass asking of the largely white audience?
To consider the consequences of American racial opinion
159
What is Douglass addressing in Lynch Law in the South?
What he sees as an intensifying racial hatred and violence vs AAs in the south
160
What does Douglass view the rise of racial hatred in the South as being caused by and why?
The success of freed Blacks since emancipation as white people viewed it as offensive and threatening when they are assumed as a "man among men"
161
How does Douglass believe the 20th century can bring salvation and what does he believe is the alternative in Lynch Law in the South and why?
If public opinion remains interested in the issue, if not a more violent future is likely caused by the insanity that results from generations of oppression
162
Who was AJC?
An AA clubwoman
163
Where was AJC born?
In NC as a slave
164
Why was AJC highly educated and qualified?
She was the 4th AA woman to earn a PHD and the principal of M Street HS in DC
165
What women's org was AJC excluded from?
The wctu
166
Who pushed AJC out of her job and why?
Booker T Washington because he saw her as a threat
167
Why did AJC see herself as adding a crucial perspective to contemporary conversations?
Because as a Black woman she didn't believe other was capable of bringing this perspective
168
When/where was The Status of Woman in America originally published?
In 1892 as a speech in Chicago at the World Fair
169
Where was The Status of Woman in America later included?
In AJC's book A Voice from the South - one of the first articulations of black feminism
170
Who is AJC speaking to in Status of Woman?
To those she believes should be allies and telling them what they are missing out on
171
Why does AJC AA women face a dual oppression in Status of Woman?
Because they do not sit comfortably in in the anti-racist movement or the suffrage movement because of white women’s racism and Black men’s misogyny
172
In Status of Woman what does AJC allude to when discussing the dual oppression of AA women?
Redemptive suffering theodicy - says they are morally superior and possess unique talents
173
Who does AJC highlight the significance of in Status of Woman?
AA women and the work they are doing
174
What does AJC credit AA women for doing in Status of Woman?
Have used their growing influence and responsibility outside confines of domestic sphere well
175
What is some evidence to support AJC's discussion in Status of Woman of the role of AA women in racial uplift and their active participation in tackling social issues?
Accumulative era - BW taking up careers revolved around helping people and achieving justice e.g. prison reformers, hospital workers, teachers
176
What does AJC diagnose as the solution to the problems of the era in Status of Woman and why?
Black women should be centred and at the forefront of change, not only because of redemptive suffering theodicy benefits, but also because others i.e. BLACK MEN, had made a meal of it "mess of pottage"
177
What does Johnson (2005) note about female teachers during the period AJC is active? (3)
There was a disproportionate number of women teachers during AJC’s career - 1870 59%, 1900 70%
Teaching was restricted unmarried or widowed women
Women had the ability to rise to greater authority
178
How is Status of Woman consistent with AJC's thought?
Train analogy
179
How does Status of Woman contrast to the Womanhood essay?
AJC more readily embraces new opportunities for AA women outside domestic sphere - contrasts with gender roles outlined in the ‘Womanhood’ essay
180
Who was Booker T Washington?
Ex-slave
| Part of the Union
181
What does BTW stress in The Future of the American Negro 1899?
Need for education and the need to advance themselves
| Should be done through an industrial education
182
According to BTW in The Future - why do AAs remain enslaved to whites?
bc of the lack of opportunities
183
According to BTW, AAs not inferior to whites but also?
Not superior
184
Why does BTW say faith alone is not enough for AAs?
knowledge is needed in order to become more useful members of society
185
Which political elite often asked BTW for advice?
Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft?
186
What did BTW call for Black progress through?
education and entrepreneurship, rather than trying to directly challenge the Jim Crow segregation and the disenfranchisement of black voters in the south
187
What did Du Bois and the NAACP try to challenge with limited success?
BTW’s machine for leadership in the black community, but they did build wider networks among white allies in the north
188
What is the historical significance of BTW coming under heavy criticism for accommodationism to white supremacy after his death?
Revisionist view applauds his accomplishments
189
Despite argued that confrontation would lead to disaster for outnumbered blacks in society, what did BTW do in secret?
fund litigation for civil rights cases
190
Why was BTW's Atlanta Compromise controversial?
Many in the north objected to being ‘led’ and authoritatively spoken for by a Southern accommodationist strategy which they considered to have been imposed on southern blacks by southern whites
191
Who was Buckner H Payne?
White clergyman
Racist pamphleteer
Considered by many greatest logician in the South
192
Who was Fannie Barrier Williams?
Educator, political activist, women’s rights activist
193
What is key to note about FBW's upbringing?
- Born to a rich family in Brockport, NY
- Father built a solid real estate portfolio and owned a profitable business
- Intimate contact w white elite growing up - didn’t suffer direct discrimination
- Family attended the First Baptist Church in Brockport
- Father was a well-respected lay leader
- Mother taught the Bible
- FBW played piano
- Only AA family in congregation
194
How did FBW's oeuvre change?
- Early lectures and works supported Douglass’ militant, egalitarian protest ideology
- By 1900 aligned BTW’s accomodationist stance, emphasis on industrial education and practical training
195
What is the significance of FBW's going to teach at a school for black in Missouri after graduation?
Turning point - had never experienced this level of racism before
Segregation, intimidation, physical assault, other degradations suffer by AAs
Said her world view shattered - led her to pursue lifetime of activism
196
What was FBW's experience studying music after teaching, in Boston, at New England Conservatory of Music?
Northern and southern students
Forced to leave bc southern white students objected to her presence
- significant because still in North South dictating !
197
What is the significance of FBW going to teach in Washington DC?
Part of emerging education movement and community in DC
| Met her husband here
198
What is the significance of Chicago to FBW?
- Settled here - husband admitted to Illinois Bar - successful law practice
- Joined Unitarian Church - important context for her views - white and blacks (INTEGRATED)
- Black elite of Chicago “Black 400” - New Gen - interracial coop key to building networks and gaining influence
199
What is the significance of the Prudence Crandall Study Club to FBW?
Founding member of Prudence Crandall Study Club - formed by Chicago’s Black Elite
Led group known as the “Cultured Negro Ladies” alongside Mary Jones
200
What is the significance of FBW's affiliation to the Illinois Woman's Alliance?
Not the norm for AA women to be included in white clubs
Provided a bridge bw women of PCSC and greater world of public activism
Became VP of IWA in 1889
201
How did FBW utilise her alliance with the IWA?
Utilised her alliance with IWA to facilitate her entry into white women’s club movement
First AA woman to gain membership to Chicago Women’s Club in 1894
Her and her supporters received private and public threats
202
What was FBW's involvement with NACW?
She founded the National League of Colored Women which merged to form the National Association of Colored Women
203
What was FBW the only AA woman chosen to do?
Only AA woman chosen to eulogise Susan B Anthony at the 1907 NAWSA Convention
204
What is the provenance of the Intellectual Progress of Colored Women in America since the Emancipation Proclamation (1893)?
Address to the World’s Congress of Representative Women
At Chicago World Fair/Columbia Exposition
Integrated audience but predominantly white
205
What is significant about the audience of FBW's address for the content of the speech?
Speaking directly tooo WW hence deferential tone and urges for them to recognise AA women
Many of audience churchwomen - hence great emphasis on moral and spiritual growth rather than changes in economic situation in speech
206
What does FBW dispute in Intellectual Progress
Disputes idea that slavery rendered AA women incapable of the same moral and intellectual levels as other women
207
What does FBW encourage in Intellectual Progress?
Encouraging interracial cooperation and a unified “organised womanhood"
208
What does FBW highlight in Intellectual Progress?
Highlighting the value of AA women to church and club activism bc of unique gifts and dual oppression
209
What does FBW dismiss in Intellectual Progress?
Dismisses myths about AA women’s sexual immorality
210
What is the significance of FBW founding the National League of Colored Women the same year as Intellectual Progress?
Suggests speech unsuccessful in encouraging white women to work with Black women
211
Who does Payne influence?
Heavily influences Caroll's work
212
What was the 1867 Ethnological Origin of the Negro?
A pamphlet by Payne published under the pseudonym Ariel
213
How does Ariel counter the Myth of Ham?
Argues AAs not descended from Ham as all Noah’s sons whites
Not descended from Adam and Eve as not descended from Noah
Descended from pre-Adamic beast preserved on Ark
214
What is the significance of Ariel countering the Myth of Ham?
Had been used as justification for slavery and white supremacy
Challenges status quo
215
How does Ariel/Payne emphasise AAs being a separate species and why?
Have no souls - not human
| Highlights God’s shame at amalgamation/miscegenation
216
What does Payne employ in his argument?
Scientific and Biblical "evidence"
217
What are the two aims of Payne and work like his at the time?
1) Make the case for Segregation as divine law
| 2) Warn that transgression of this law would inevitably be followed by divine punishment
218
Who did Payne receive criticism from at the time?
Rebuked by Robert A Young - ME Minister
| Harrison Berry - literate slave from Georgia - dismisses pamphlet as confused and misguided
219
What does Dailey say was the case for Ariel and narratives such as his?
For Ariel and narratives such as his, miscegenation was the Original Sin - root off all corruption in humankind
220
Who was Orishatukeh Faduma?
Methodist Missionary
Educator
African cultural advocate
221
What nationality was Faduma?
Born in Guyana
| Became a naturalised US citizen in 1902
222
Why is Faduma significant?
1st African student to enrol at Yale Divinity School (1891)
| Changed Christian name to Yoruba in 1887
223
What does Faduma attending a Wesleyan Boys School where he lived with Principal Reverend Claudius May explain?
Explains issues with excessive emotionalism and belief it was being expressed in a paganistic way because driven by emotion not morals
224
What is the Defects of the Negro Church (source)?
Address to the American Negro Academy based in NY
225
What is the significance of Defects being an Address to the American Negro Academy based in NY?
- Established 1904 by prominent AA intellectuals to voice their opinions regarding AAs welfare
- Faduma a member AND Only African to address ANA
- Blurring of religious and secular
226
What is Defects (summary of source)?
A constructive criticism of Church - highlighting weaknesses and areas of improvement
227
What does Faduma emphasise?
Emphasis on unqualified, immoral, uneducated ministers
228
What does Faduma say ministers are failing to do?
Failure to guide congregations and teach the gospel - esp. in rural areas
229
What does Faduma see as a key defect of the Negro Church?
Sees neglect of rural communities as a key defect of the Negro Church
230
What sort of worship does Faduma say is happening in Churches?
Surface level worship in Churches
231
What are congregations not being trained with according to Faduma?
Not being trained with moral consciousness
232
What does Faduma say the gospel needs to do?
Gospel needs to impact their whole lives not just their Sundays
233
What does Faduma discuss in his critique of excessive emotionalism?
“Wailing women”
Paganization
Neurotic religion
234
What does Faduma say about the church's funds?
they are inadequate
235
Why does Faduma think there is a hopeful future for the Church?
Emphasis on importance of education in future reform
236
What does Faduma state is of the utmost importance for the Church to do?
Importance of Church’s foundations being securely laid before it can properly help in race struggle
237
Who was James Walker Hood?
AMEZ Bishop
| Founded 600 churches
238
Why did Walker Hood likely support ordination of women?
His mother was outspoken and had an audience as a minister’s wife
239
What did Walker Hood do?
Reclaimed Myth of Ham to give AAs a history to be proud of
240
What does JWH argue in the Claims of the Gospel Message (1884)?
Importance of suffering in process of redemption
Suffering as a pedagogical tool
Theodicy - the devil sets snared
Jesus’ suffering
241
What is the Source 100 years of AMEZ Church (1895)?
Complete history of AMEZ church
Encyclopedic
Denominational history
242
What does 100 Years include?
Bibliographical sketches of church leaders
Regional histories
Many biblical references
Statistics
243
What are the three stages of the history of AMEZ Church in 100 years?
Formation until 1821
Developing until 1863
Flourishing until present date (publication)
244
What conflict does JWH consider in 100 yEARS?
Considers the conflict of uniting the AME and AMEZ churches
245
What does JWH place AMEZ Church within?
Places his own denomination in the context of the larger black church movement
246
What does 100 Years say of the Curse of Ham?
The curse placed upon Cain – Ham’s son
Interpreted as white supremacists and slaveholders
Justification for slavery/racial hierarchy
Ham was the founder of Egypt/Ethiopia
Advanced
If they’ve done it before, they can do it again
Trying to eradicate black history
We can’t be sure if there is a curse
Would it not have been sorted out by now?
247
What is the significance of 100 years being published in 1895?
Published while AA Baptists organising their first nationwide org - NBC
248
Who was Alexander Crummell?
```
Born into free ancestry
Good education
Ordained in AME Church
Missionary
Founded American Negro Academy in 1897
```
249
What is the Destined Superiority of the Negro (1877)?
a Thanksgiving discourse
250
What are key points of Destined Superiority?
conclusions about the destiny of the Negro race
‘the history of the world is, in one view, a history of national destructions’
decaying populations
‘the Almighty seizes upon superior nations and, by mingled chastisements and blessings, gradually leads them on to greatness’
‘he glides more or less into the traits of his neighbours’
‘struggling for a place and position in this land’
‘He has brought this race through a wilderness of disasters’
links to Israelites
perdition
‘a vital being’
‘irrepressible’
‘pathway of progress’
