Goal 1.1 History Flashcards
The Digital Computer is a machine that carries out __________(_______)
instructions (program)
Three things, Primitive instructions in machine language can do:
- Add numbers
- Check if a numer is zero
- copy data between memory locations
Contemporary Multi-Level Machine:
Level 5 (____-____ Language Level (C++)
TRANSLATION (COMPILER)
Level 4 (Assembly Language Level)
TRANSLATION (ASSEMBLER)
Level 3 (______ System Machine Level)
PARTIAL INTERPRETATION BY OS
Level 2 (Instruction Set Level)
INTERPRETATION OR DIRECT EXECUTION
Level 1 (_______ Level)
HARDWARE
Level 0 (Digital Logic Level)
Level -1 (_____ Level)
Problem-oriented
Operating
Microarchitecture
Device
Level 5
Level 4
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 0
Level -1
Problem-oriented Language level (C++)
Assembly Language Level
Operating System Machine Level
Instruction Set Level
Microarchitecture Level
Digital Logic Level
Device Level
Level 5
{ Translation (Compiler)}
Level 4
Problem-oriented language level (C++)
{}
Assembly Language Level
Level 4
{ translation (assembler)}
Level 3
Assembly Language Level
{}
Operating System Machine Level
Level 3
{ Partial Interpretation by OS}
Level 2
Operating System Machine Level
{}
Instruction Set Level
Level 2
{Interpretation or direct execution}
Level 1
Instruction Set Level
{}
Microarchitecture Level
Level 1
{ Hardware}
Level 0
Level -1
Microarchitecture Level
{}
Digital Logical Level
Device Level
Level where programmers usually work in high-level languages
Level 5
A go-between level. Just a step above machine code.
Programmer’s don’t tend to go below this level!
Level 4
Some instructions interpreted by OS, otherwise by microprogram
Level 3
Unique to every computer x86 instruction set. Developed by Intel, licensed to AMD (and Cyrix when it was still around)
Level 2
ALU, Datapath, and registers. Partially controlled by software/hardware
Level 1
Level of logic gates. This is where we will spend most of our time
Level 0
This is the level of transistors, and is in the realm of electrical engineers
Level -1
First attempt to build a digital computer. Thousands upon thousands of cogs and wheels. Never got it completely debugged.
Babbage
Based off of Babbage’s work
Mark 1
5 parts of a von Neumann Machine
Memory
arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
Control Unit
Input
Output
8 bits for ______ type and 12 bits for _____ _____
instruction
memory address
Modern computers are still based off this design.
von Neumann Machine
Computer Spectrum:
Disposable Computer ($0.5), EX) Greeting Cards
Microcontroller ($5), EX) Watches, cars, appliances
Mobile and game computer ($50), EX) Home video games and smart phones
Personal Computer ($500), EX) Desktop or notebook computer
Server ($5K), EX) Network Server
Mainframe ($5M), EX) Batch data processing in a bank
Moore’s Law
Moore’s Law states that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles every two years. The law claims that we can expect the speed and capability of our computers to increase every two years because of this, yet we will pay less for them. Another tenet of Moore’s Law asserts that this growth is exponential. The law is attributed to Gordon Moore, the co-founder and former CEO of Intel.
10^-3
milli
10^-6
micro
10^-9
nano
10^-12
pico
10^-15
femto
10^-18
atto
10^-21
zepto
10^-24
yocto
10^3
kilo
10^6
mega
10^9
giga
10^12
tera
10^15
peta
10^18
exa
10^21
zetta
10^24
yotta
Zeroth Generation (1642-1945)
Mechanical computers
First Generation (1945-1955)
Vacuum Tubes
Second Generation (1955-1965)
Transistors
Third Generation (1965-1980)
Integrated Circuits
Fourth Generation (1980- ?)
Very Large Scale Integration
Modern generation
Fifth Generation
Low-Power and “Invisible” Computers
negative
milli
micros
not
pushy
for
a
zoo
yack
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
zepto
yocto
What are the powers of the following:
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
zepto
yocto
-3
-6
-9
-12
-15
-18
-21
-24
positive
kara
mara
got
to
park
e-
z
yeezy
kilo
mega
giga
tera
peta
exa
zetta
yotta
what are the powers of the following:
kilo
mega
giga
tera
peta
exa
zetta
yotta
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
