GMAT 08 Flashcards
1
Q
chron·ic
adj
\ˈkrä-nik\
A
- ADJ (疾病、残疾)慢性的，长期的 (Compare 比较 acute. ) A chronic illness or disability lasts for a very long time.
…chronic back pain.
慢性背痛
chronically: Most of them were chronically ill.他们多数人患有慢性病。 - ADJ 难以根除的;积习难改的 You can describe someone’s bad habits or behaviour as chronic when they have behaved like that for a long time and do not seem to be able to stop themselves.
Anyone who does not believe that smoking is an addiction has never been a chronic smoker.
不相信抽烟能上瘾的人肯定不是老烟民。
…a chronic worrier.
总是忧心忡忡的人 - ADJ (局势或问题)严重的，顽固的 A chronic situation or problem is very severe and unpleasant.
One cause of the artist’s suicide seems to have been chronic poverty…
那位艺术家自杀的一个原因似乎是极端贫困。
There is a chronic shortage of patrol cars in this police district.
这个治安辖区严重缺乏巡逻车辆。
chronically: Research and technology are said to be chronically underfunded.据说为研究和技术方面提供的经费严重不足。
2
Q
chron·i·cle
noun
\ˈkrä-ni-kəl\
A
- VERB 按时间顺序记述(或播放) To chronicle a series of events means to write about them or show them in broadcasts in the order in which they happened.
The series chronicles the everyday adventures of two eternal bachelors.
这个系列剧按照时间顺序记述了两个老光棍每天的奇遇。
chronicler: …the chronicler of the English civil war.记述英国内战的编年史家 - N-COUNT 编年(史);大事年表 A chronicle is an account or record of a series of events.
…this vast chronicle of Napoleonic times.
这套大部头的拿破仑时代编年史 - N-IN-NAMES (有时用于报纸名称中) Chronicle is sometimes used as part of the name of a newspaper.
…the San Francisco Chronicle.
《旧金山纪事报》
3
Q
chro·nol·o·gy
noun
\krə-ˈnä-lə-jē\
A
- N-UNCOUNT 年代顺序 The chronology of a series of past events is the times at which they happened and the order in which they happened.
She gave him a factual account of the chronology of her brief liaison.
她把自己一时出轨的先后经过一五一十地告诉了他。 - N-COUNT 年表;事件发生顺序表 A chronology is an account or record of the times and the order in which a series of past events took place.
The second part of Duffy’s book is a detailed chronology of the Reformation.
达菲这本书中的第二部分按时间顺序对宗教改革运动进行了详细记录。
4
Q
churn
noun
\ˈchərn\
A
- N-COUNT (制作黄油的)搅乳器 A churn is a container which is used for making butter.
- VERB 搅动，搅起，扰动(水、泥浆、灰尘) If something churns water, mud, or dust, it moves it about violently.
Ferries churn the waters of Howe Sound from Langdale to Horseshoe Bay.
渡船搅起豪湾的海水，从兰代尔驶向霍斯舒湾。
…unsurfaced roads now churned into mud by the annual rains.
如今被一年一度的雨季搅得非常泥泞的土路面
Churn up means the same as churn .churn up 同 churn - V-ERG （使）反胃;恶心;(使)作呕 If you say that your stomach is churning, you mean that you feel sick. You can also say that something churns your stomach.
My stomach churned as I stood up…
我站起来时胃里直翻腾。
I don’t enjoy having a churning stomach but if you are going to win tournaments, you must go through it.
我并不喜欢胃里翻江倒海的，但是要想赢得锦标赛，就得闯过这一关。
相关词组：churn out, churn up
5
Q
cin·der
noun
\ˈsin-dər\
A
n.煤渣； 炭渣； 煤渣路； 煤渣跑道
— cin·dery -d(ə-)rē\ adjective
Cinders from the campfire floated through the air.
6
Q
cir·ca·di·an
adj
\sər-ˈkā-dē-ən\
A
adj.<生理>昼夜节奏的，生理节奏的 (即大约每天一次的)
7
Q
cir·cle
noun, often attributive
\ˈsər-kəl\
A
- N-COUNT 圆;圆形;圆圈 A circle is a shape consisting of a curved line completely surrounding an area. Every part of the line is the same distance from the centre of the area.
The flag was red, with a large white circle in the center…
旗子是红色的，中央有个白色大圆圈。
I wrote down the number 46 and drew a circle around it.
我写下46这个数字，又画了个圆将它圈起来。 - N-COUNT 圆形物;圆片;圆块 A circle of something is a round flat piece or area of it.
Cut out 4 circles of pastry.
切出四块圆形油酥面饼。
…a circle of yellow light.
圆形黄光区 - N-COUNT 一圈（物体或人） A circle of objects or people is a group of them arranged in the shape of a circle.
The monument consists of a circle of gigantic stones…
纪念碑由一圈巨石组成。
We stood in a circle holding hands.
我们站成一圈，手牵着手。 - VERB 包围;围绕;环绕 If something circles an object or a place, or circles around it, it forms a circle around it.
This is the ring road that circles the city.
这是环绕市区的环路。
…the long curving driveway that circled around the vast clipped lawn.
围绕着大片修剪过的草坪的长长的弧形车道 - VERB (在上空)盘旋，绕圈子 If an aircraft or a bird circles or circles something, it moves round in a circle in the air.
The plane circled, awaiting permission to land…
飞机在天上盘旋，等候着陆许可。
There were two helicopters circling around.
有两架直升机在空中盘旋。 - VERB 围绕…移动;绕着…转圈 To circle around someone or something, or to circle them, means to move around them.
Emily kept circling around her mother…
埃米莉围着她妈妈转个不停。
The silent wolves would track and circle them.
悄无声息的群狼会跟踪并包围他们。 - VERB 在…上画圈;将…圈起来 If you circle something on a piece of paper, you draw a circle around it.
Circle the correct answers on the coupon below.
将下面参赛券上的正确答案圈出来。 - N-COUNT (指朋友或有相同兴趣或职业的人组成的)圈子，界 You can refer to a group of people as a circle when they meet each other regularly because they are friends or because they belong to the same profession or share the same interests.
He has a small circle of friends…
他的朋友圈子很小。
Alton has made himself fiercely unpopular in certain circles.
奥尔顿把自己搞得在某些圈子里极其不受欢迎。 - N-SING (剧院、影院的)楼厅包厢 In a theatre or cinema, the circle is an area of seats on the upper floor.
- See also: Arctic Circle
- PHRASE 兜了一圈回到原地;循环 If you say that you have come full circle or have turned full circle, you mean that after a long series of events or changes the same situation that you started with still exists.
We’ve come full circle and dark-blue jeans are once again the height of style.
风水轮流转，时下最流行的又是深蓝色牛仔裤了。 - PHRASE 在原地兜圈子;原地踏步;毫无进展 If you say that someone is going round in circles or around in circles, you mean that they are not achieving anything because they keep coming back to the same point or problem.
8
Q
cir·cu·la·tion
noun
\ˌsər-kyə-ˈlā-shən\
A
- N-COUNT (报纸、杂志的)发行量，销售量 The circulation of a newspaper or magazine is the number of copies that are sold each time it is produced.
The Daily News once had the highest circulation of any daily in the country…
《每日新闻报》的发行量曾位居全国所有日报之首。
The paper has proved unable to maintain its circulation figures.
事实证明这家报纸难以维持其发行量。 - N-UNCOUNT 血液循环 Your circulation is the movement of blood through your body.
Anyone with heart, lung or circulation problems should seek medical advice before flying.
有心肺疾病或血液循环问题的人在乘坐飞机前应寻求医生建议。
…cold spots in the fingers caused by poor circulation.
血液循环不畅导致的手指上的冻疮 - See also: circulate
- PHRASE (货币等)流通/不流通/退出流通 If something such as money is in circulation, it is being used by the public. If something is out of circulation or has been withdrawn from circulation, it is no longer available for use by the public.
The supply of money in circulation was drastically reduced overnight.
流通领域的货币供应量一夜骤减。
…a society like America, with perhaps 180 million guns in circulation.
像美国这样一个约有1.8亿支枪流散在外的社会 - PHRASE (一段时间)不出现在公共场合，不参加社交活动;坐牢;服刑 If someone is out of circulation, they do not appear in public or at social gatherings for a period of time. You can also say that someone is out of circulation when they are in prison.
Political trials were being used to keep prominent activists out of circulation…
通过对著名活动家进行政治审判使其从公众视线中消失。
I had been out of circulation for a month and knew that many friends would be there.
我有一个月深居简出，不过我知道许多朋友正等着我。
9
Q
cir·cum·fer·ence
noun
\sə(r)-ˈkəm(p)-fərn(t)s\
A
- N-UNCOUNT (圆、地方、圆状物的)周长 The circumference of a circle, place, or round object is the distance around its edge.
…a scientist calculating the earth’s circumference…
计算地球周长的科学家
The island is 3.5 km in circumference.
这个岛周长3.5千米。 - N-UNCOUNT (圆、地方、圆状物的)边缘，周缘 The circumference of a circle, place, or round object is its edge.
Cut the salmon into long strips and wrap it round the circumference of the bread.
把鲑鱼切成长条，缠裹在面包上。
— cir·cum·fer·en·tial -ˌkəm(p)-fə-ˈren(t)-shəl\ adjective
10
Q
cir·cum·scribe
verb
\ˈsər-kəm-ˌskrīb\
A
- VERB 约束;制约;限制 If someone’s power or freedom is circumscribed, it is limited or restricted.
The army evidently fears that, under him, its activities would be severely circumscribed…
军方显然担心在他的领导下，其活动将受到严重制约。
There are laws circumscribing the right of individual citizens to cause bodily harm to others.
有多项法律限制公民的权利，使其不得对他人进行人身伤害。
11
Q
cir·cum·spect
adj
\ˈsər-kəm-ˌspekt\
A
- ADJ-GRADED 小心的;谨慎的;谨言慎行的 If you are circumspect, you are cautious in what you do and say and do not take risks.
The banks should have been more circumspect in their dealings…
那些银行在交易中本该更加谨慎的。
You seem to be implying, in your usual circumspect manner, that perhaps it might not be a wonderful idea.
你好像正以你一贯谨言慎行的方式暗示，那个主意也许不怎么样。
circumspectly: I would suggest that for the time being you behave as circumspectly as possible in political matters.我建议，目前在政治事务上你还是尽量小心为妙。
— cir·cum·spec·tion \ˌsər-kəm-ˈspek-shən\ noun
— cir·cum·spect·ly \ˈsər-kəm-ˌspek(t)-lē\ adverb
12
Q
cir·cum·vent
verb
\ˌsər-kəm-ˈvent\
A
- VERB 规避，逃避(规则或限制) If someone circumvents a rule or restriction, they avoid having to obey the rule or restriction, in a clever and perhaps dishonest way.
Military planners tried to circumvent the treaty.
军事策略家们企图绕开这一条约。
circumvention: America won’t countenance any such circumvention of the sanctions.美国不会赞成任何规避制裁的行为。 - VERB 躲避，回避(尤指意欲伤害自己的人) If you circumvent someone, you cleverly prevent them from achieving something, especially when they are trying to harm you.
Roosevelt occasionally attempted to circumvent him.
罗斯福偶尔会试图避开他。
— cir·cum·ven·tion -ˈven(t)-shən\ noun
13
Q
civ·ic
adj
\ˈsi-vik\
A
- ADJ 市政的;城镇当局的 You use civic to describe people or things that have an official status in a town or city.
…the businessmen and civic leaders of Manchester.
曼彻斯特的商人和市政官员
…Bromley Civic Centre.
布罗姆利市政中心 - ADJ 公民的;市民的 You use civic to describe the duties or feelings that people have because they belong to a particular community.
…a sense of civic pride.
公民的自豪感
— civ·i·cal·ly \ˈsi-vi-k(ə-)lē\ adverb
14
Q
civ·il
adj
\ˈsi-vəl\
A
- ADJ 公民的;国民的;国内的 You use civil to describe events that happen within a country and that involve the different groups of people in it.
…civil unrest.
国内骚乱 - ADJ 民用的;平民的;非军事的 You use civil to describe people or things in a country that are not connected with its armed forces.
…the US civil aviation industry.
美国民用航空业 - ADJ 政府的；国家的;世俗的;非宗教的 You use civil to describe things that are connected with the state rather than with a religion.
They were married on August 9 in a civil ceremony in Venice.
他们于8月9号在威尼斯举行了世俗婚礼。
…Jewish civil and religious law.
犹太民法和宗教法 - ADJ （权利）公民的，公民应有的 You use civil to describe the rights that people have within a society.
…a United Nations covenant on civil and political rights.
联合国公民和政治权利公约 - ADJ-GRADED 彬彬有礼的;斯文的;客气的 Someone who is civil is polite in a formal way, but not particularly friendly.
As visitors, the least we can do is be civil to the people in their own land.
作为来访者，我们最起码能做到的就是对当地人要彬彬有礼。
civilly: The man nodded civilly to Sharpe, then consulted a notebook.那个人有礼貌地朝夏普点点头，然后翻查起一个笔记本来。
15
Q
claim
verb
\ˈklām\
A
- VERB 声称;断言 If you say that someone claims that something is true, you mean they say that it is true but you are not sure whether or not they are telling the truth.
He claimed that it was all a conspiracy against him…
他声称这一切都是一场针对他的阴谋。
A man claiming to be a journalist threatened to reveal details about her private life…
一个自称是记者的人威胁要公开有关她的私生活的细节。 - N-COUNT 声称;断言 A claim is something which someone says which they cannot prove and which may be false.
He repeated his claim that the people of Trinidad and Tobago backed his action…
他再次声称，特立尼达和多巴哥的人民支持他的行动。
He rejected claims that he had affairs with six women.
他拒不承认他和6个女人有染的说法。 - VERB 声称(负有责任或享有功劳) If you say that someone claims responsibility or credit for something, you mean they say that they are responsible for it, but you are not sure whether or not they are telling the truth.
An underground organisation has claimed responsibility for the bomb explosion…
一个地下组织已经声称对这起炸弹爆炸事件负责。
He was too modest to claim the credit.
他太谦逊，不愿意邀功。 - VERB 索取，索要(有权拥有的东西) If you claim something, you try to get it because you think you have a right to it.
Now they are returning to claim what was theirs.
如今他们回来索取本属于他们的东西。 - N-COUNT 主张;要求 A claim is a demand for something that you think you have a right to.
Rival claims to Macedonian territory caused conflict in the Balkans.
多方主张拥有对马其顿的领土主权，结果在巴尔干地区引发了冲突。 - VERB 取得，获得，赢得(纪录、冠军或奖励) If someone claims a record, title, or prize, they gain or win it.
Zhuang claimed the record in 54.64 seconds…
庄创下了54.64秒的纪录。
Steffi Graf claimed a fourth Wimbledon title in 1992.
施特菲·格拉芙于1992年第4次赢得温布尔登桂冠。 - N-COUNT 权利;要求权 If you have a claim on someone or their attention, you have the right to demand things from them or to demand their attention.
She’d no claims on him now…
现在他不欠她什么了。
He was surrounded by people, all with claims on his attention.
他被人们团团围住，个个都要他把注意力放在自己身上。 - VERB 需要，要求(花时间或精力) If something or someone claims your attention, they need you to spend your time and effort on them.
There is already a long list of people claiming her attention.
需要她关注的人已经很多了。 - VERB 索要，索取，申领(钱) If you claim money from the government, an insurance company, or another organization, you officially apply to them for it, because you think you are entitled to it according to their rules.
Some 25 per cent of the people who are entitled to claim State benefits do not do so…
有权申领政府补贴的人当中，约有25%没有提出申请。
John had taken out redundancy insurance but when he tried to claim, he was refused payment…
约翰办理过失业保险，可是当他去索赔时却遭拒付。
Claim is also a noun. - VERB (向雇主)索要，索取，讨要(钱、福利) If you claim money or other benefits from your employers, you demand them because you think you deserve or need them.
The union claimed a pay rise worth four times the rate of inflation.
工会要求按照通货膨胀率的4倍提高工资。
They are making substantial claims for improved working conditions…
他们强烈要求改善工作环境。 - VERB (战争、疾病、事故)夺去(生命)，导致(死亡) If you say that a war, disease, or accident claims someone’s life, you mean that they are killed in it or by it.
The civil war claimed the life of a U.N. interpreter yesterday…
昨天，内战夺去了一位联合国译员的生命。
Heart disease is the biggest killer, claiming 180,000 lives a year.
心脏病是头号杀手，每年夺去18万条生命。 - See also: no claims
- PHRASE 成名之举；成名之作 Someone’s claim to fame is something quite important or interesting that they have done or that is connected with them.
Barbara Follett’s greatest claim to fame is that she taught Labour MPs how to look good on television.
芭芭拉·福利特最出名的事就是她教工党议员如何在电视上拥有良好形象。 - PHRASE 声称拥有 If you lay claim to something you do not have, you say that it belongs to you.
Five Asian countries lay claim to the islands.
5个亚洲国家声称对那些岛屿拥有主权。 - to stake a claim →see: stake;
— claim·able \ˈklā-mə-bəl\ adjective
16
Q
clam
noun
\ˈklam\
A
n. 蚌， 蛤； 〈美口〉沉默寡言的人； 钳子； 〈美俚〉银币
v. （在沙滩上）挖蛤； 〈美俚〉嘴紧； 奏出（唱出）错音
- N-COUNT 蛤；蚌；蛤蜊 Clams are a kind of shellfish which can be eaten.
相关词组：clam up - PHRASAL VERB (常因害羞或避免说漏嘴)不再开口，闭口不言 If someone clams up, they stop talking, often because they are shy or to avoid giving away secrets.
As soon as I told her my name, she clammed up.
我告诉她我的名字后，她就什么也不说了。
17
Q
clan
noun
\ˈklan\
A
- N-COUNT 家族;宗族;氏族 A clan is a group which consists of families that are related to each other.
…rival clans.
敌对的家族 - N-COUNT (有共同利益的)集团，帮派，派系 You can refer to a group of people with the same interests as a clan .
…a powerful clan of industrialists from Monterrey.
来自蒙特雷的势力强大的企业家集团
18
Q
clan·des·tine
adj
\klan-ˈdes-tən\
A
- ADJ (通常因违法而)偷偷摸摸的，暗地里的，秘密的 Something that is clandestine is hidden or kept secret, often because it is illegal.
…their clandestine meetings.
他们的秘密会晤
clandestinely: He left the country clandestinely.他偷偷地离开了该国。
— clan·des·tine·ly adverb
— clan·des·tine·ness noun
— clan·des·tin·i·ty \ˌklan-də-ˈsti-nə-tē\ noun
19
Q
clar·i·fy
verb
\ˈkler-ə-ˌfī\
A
- VERB 阐明;阐释;说明 To clarify something means to make it easier to understand, usually by explaining it in more detail.
Thank you for writing and allowing me to clarify the present position…
谢谢你的来信，并允许我阐明目前的立场。
A bank spokesman was unable to clarify the situation.
一位银行发言人未能把情况解释清楚。
clarification: The union has written to Zurich asking for clarification of the situation.该联盟已致函苏黎世，要求将情况解释清楚。
— clar·i·fi·ca·tion \ˌkler-ə-fə-ˈkā-shən\ noun
— clar·i·fi·er \ˈkler-ə-ˌfī(-ə)r\ noun
20
Q
cler·i·cal
adj
\ˈkler-i-kəl\
A
- ADJ 文书工作的;文职人员的 Clerical jobs, skills, and workers are concerned with work that is done in an office.
…a strike by clerical staff in all government departments…
所有政府部门的文员举行的罢工
The hospital blamed the mix-up on a clerical error.
医院方面将这一混乱归咎于一处笔误。 - ADJ 神职人员的;圣职人员的 Clerical means relating to the clergy.
…a bearded man in a dark suit and clerical collar.
身穿黑西装，脖子上围着教士领的蓄着络腮胡子的男人
…Iran’s clerical leadership.
伊朗的教会领袖
— cler·i·cal·ly -i-k(ə-)lē\ adverb
