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FM1030 Biochemistry > Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis and Pentose Phosphate Pathway > Flashcards

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis and Pentose Phosphate Pathway Flashcards

1
Q

Which glucose transporter is insulin sensitive?

A

GLUT 4

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2
Q

Where is GLUT 4 found?

A

Muscle and adipose tissue

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3
Q

Where is GLUT 1 found?

A

Erythrocytes
Endothelial tissue
(Muscle and adipose tissue also)

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4
Q

Where is GLUT 2 found?

A

Liver and pancreas

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5
Q

Where is GLUT 3 found?

A

Brain

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6
Q

Where is GLUT 5 found?

A

Intestines and kidney

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7
Q

What reactions occur in glycolysis and in the correct order?

A

Phosphoryl transfer
Phosphoryl shift
Isomerisation
Dehydration
Aldol cleavage

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8
Q

Which intermediate gets split in 2?

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

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9
Q

List, in order, the intermediates in the investment phase of glycolysis?

A

Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate & Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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10
Q

List, in order, the enzymes in the investment phase of glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase
Phosphohexose isomerase
Phospho fructose kinase-1
Aldolase
Triose phosphate isomerase

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11
Q

List, in order, the intermediates in the payoff phase of glycolysis.

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate

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12
Q

List, in order, the enzymes in the payoff phase of glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate kinase
Phosphoglycerate mutase
Enolase
Pyruvate kinase

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13
Q

What are the enzymes that catalyse irreversible reactions in glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase
Phosphofructose kinase 1
Pyruvate kinase

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14
Q

Which enzymes require the hydrolysis of ATP to complete their functions?

A

Hexokinase
Phosphofructose kinase 1

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15
Q

Which step produces NADH in glycolysis?

A

Conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phopshate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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16
Q

Which steps produce ATP?

A

Conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate by using phosphoglycerate kinase
Conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate by using pyruvate kinase

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17
Q

Which enzyme is highly regulated in this pathway?

A

Pyruvate kinase

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18
Q

What is used as a coenzyme during the phosphorylation of glucose?

A

Mg++

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19
Q

Where is the only place that phosphorylation of glucose is reversible?

A

Liver

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20
Q

What is the purpose of phosphorylating glucose?

A

Lowers intracellular glucose concentration allowing further uptake of glucose

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21
Q

What is the primary inhibitor of phosphofructose kinase 1?

A

High ATP concentrations

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22
Q

What is the fate of fructose-6-phosphate if PFK1 is inactivated?

A

Will be stored as glycogen

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23
Q

What intermediates does frucotse-1,6-bisphosphate produce?

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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24
Q

Which of the intermediates that fructose-1,6-bisphosphate produces is unable to continue on the glycolysis pathway?

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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25
Q

Why is the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate concentration kept low?

A

To pull the reaction forward along the pathway

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26
Q

What does the production of NADH from the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase do?

A

Allows for net production of ATP

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27
Q

What is the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate coupled to?

A

1st production of ATP by phosphoglycerate kinase

28
Q

What coenzymes regulate the activity of pyruvate kinase?

A

K+ and Mg++

29
Q

What is consumed during the entirety of glycolysis?

A

1 glucose
2 ATP
2 NAD+

30
Q

What is produced by glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate
4 ATP
2 NADH

31
Q

What cleaves glucose from glycogen and starch?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

32
Q

What does the cleaving of glucose from glycogen yield?

A

Glucose-1-phosphate

33
Q

What is the main source of energy in fast twitch muscle fibers?

A

GLycolysis

34
Q

What does LDH do during anaerobic conditions?

A

Regenerates NAD+ stores

35
Q

What is a by-product of glycolysis in RBCs?

A

2,3-diphosphoglycerate

36
Q

Under what conditions do 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations increase?

A

Hypoxic environments

37
Q

What does 2,3-diphosphoglycerate do?

A

Promotes release of O2 to tissue when O2 tension and saturation is decreased in lungs

38
Q

What is faster: tumour growth or angiogenesis?

A

Tumour growth

39
Q

What does the growth of tumours mean in terms of their respiration?

A

Mostly glycolytic respiration resulting in raised LDH levels

40
Q

Which enzymes regulate the glycolysis pathway?

A

Hexokinase
Phosphofructose kinase 1
Pyruvate kinase

41
Q

Can mammals convert fatty acids to sugars?

A

No

42
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

Cytosol of liver cells

43
Q

Is ATP generated during gluconeogensis?

A

No

44
Q

Why is gluconeogenesis differentially regulated?

A

to prevent a futile cycle

45
Q

Which enzymes are unique to gluconeogensis?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1
Glucose 6 phosphatase

46
Q

Where is pyruvate carboxylase found?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

47
Q

How does oxaloacetate leave the mitochondria?

A

Converted to PEP or malate

48
Q

How is fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase regulated?

A

By Phosphofructose kinase 1

49
Q

Where is glucose 6 phosphatase found?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

50
Q

What does gluconeogenesis require?

A

4 ATP
2 GTP
2 NADH

51
Q

When does gluconeogenesis generate glucose?

A

During starvation
Vigorous execise

52
Q

Explain the Cori Cycle.

A

Glucose gets converted to lactate in muscle
Lactate gets converted to glucose in liver

53
Q

What is the role of the Cori Cycle?

A

Frees muscle from burden of having to produce more energy

54
Q

What is the role of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Formation of pentose phosphate for synthesis of nucleotides

55
Q

What happens to excess pentoses?

A

Shunted back to glycolysis by conversion to fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

56
Q

Which cells benefit from the pentose phosphate pathway the most?

A

Cells in which there’s a limited need for RNA/DNA synthesis

57
Q

What are the main products of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate

58
Q

What are the functions of NADPH?

A

Electron donor
Biosynthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol and steroids
Repair of oxidative damage

59
Q

What are the functions of ribose-5-phosphate?

A

Precursor of nucleotides
DNA & RNA synthesis
Synthesis of some coenzymes

60
Q

What does the liver use NADPH for?

A

Hydroxylation(detoxification and excretion of drugs)

61
Q

What is glutathione?

A

Coenzyme for the protection of the cell against oxidative and chemical insult

62
Q

Where is there more NADPH than ribose-5-phosphate?

A

Liver and adipose tissue

63
Q

What regulates partitioning into glycolysis versus pentose phosphate pathway?

A

NADPH (also an antagonist of the system)

64
Q

When can glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase be fatal?

A

During oxidative stress

65
Q

How is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase fatal during oxidative stress?

A

Impairs NADPH production resulting in haemolysis and creates Heinz bodies in erythrocytes

FM1030 Biochemistry (4 decks)

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