Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of turning glucose into pyruvate called?

A

Glucolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does glucogenesis mean?

A

Making new glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many ATPs does glycolysis produce?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the products of glycoslysis?

A

2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 H+
2 H20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many reaction steps does glycolysis have?

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many stages are the ten reaction steps of glycolysis divided into?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is stage 1 of glycolysis?

A

Two steps of phosphorylation to activate hexose followed by bond cleavage to give two triose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is glucose kept inside the cell?

A

The hexokinase makes it negatively charged to keep it in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the induced fit mechanism?

A

A substrate binds to an active site and both change shape slightly, creating an ideal fit for catalysis

In the example of glucose, when glucose binds to the active site in hexokinase the conformation changes so that glucose and ATP are brought together with an appropriate orientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why does water not hydrolyse the bound ATP in hexokinase during glycolysis?

A

Water is excluded from the active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is enediol?

A

An intermediate between aldoses and ketoses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is special about His 95?

A

The pKa value is close to physiological pH which means that depending on the pH it can act as a weak acid or a weak base (both donate and accept protons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F: The environment in the active site drives the reaction in correct direction (prevents side reactions)

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens in glycolysis stage 2?

A

G3P is oxidised
1 NADH formed
2 ATP formed
Pyruvate final product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The energy profile of glycolysis (in physiological environment) has … large negative free energy changes (How many?)

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is glycolysis regulated

A

By controlling the three reactions
Glu -> G6P
F6P -> FBP
PEP -> Pyruvate

17
Q

When pyruvate is turned to lactate it is called…

A

fermentation

18
Q

NADH needs to be oxidised with oxygen to regenerate what?

A

NAD+

19
Q

If there is no oxygen present, how is NADH oxidised to regenerate NAD+?

A

An alternative electron acceptor must be used. In muscle cells pyruvate accepts electrons and becomes lactic acid. In yeast acetaldehyde accepts electrons and becomes ethanol

20
Q

Where is galactose found?

A

In lactose (milk sugar)

21
Q

What is the enzyme called that activates galactose?

A

Galactokinase

22
Q

Which enzyme can phosphorylate fructose when glucose is not in abundance?

A

Hexokinase

23
Q

What happens to fructose when glucose is abundant?

A

It is phosphorylated to fructose-1-phosphate

24
Q

What is the enzyme called that phosphorylates fructose?

A

Fructokinase

25
Q

How is hexokinase regulated?

A

ATP binds to the regulatory domain which changes conformation and doesn’t bind glucose anymore

26
Q

What type of molecule is 2,6-bisphosphate?

A

It is a messenger molecule, an effector molecule for phosphofructokinase

27
Q

What is the family of glucose transporters called?

A

GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3, GLUT4, GLUT5

28
Q

Glucose is synthesised from?

A

Glycerol, lactate and amino acids

29
Q

What is the process of producing new glucose called?

A

Gluconeogenesis

30
Q

What is reciprocal control?

A

Control in opposite directions so that reactions do not happen at the same time

31
Q

What does carboxylase do?

A

Puts CO2 into a carbon skeleton

32
Q

What is the long flexible arm that takes glucose from the active site and gives it to its neighbour called?

A

biotin carboxyl carrier domain

33
Q

Where does glycerol come from?

A

The hydrolysis of fat

34
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Signals that blood glucose levels are low and that sugar reserves in liver should be released

35
Q

Brain and muscle cells use glucose, which organ can produce glucose?

A

The liver

36
Q

Which process do we use to maintain sugar levels in the blood

A

Glucogenesis

37
Q

Gluconeogenesis occurs where?

A

In the kidney and liver, in mitochondria and cytoplasm

Biochemistry (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions