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Block 1 -Test 1, (Biochem) > Glycolysis and the TCA cycle > Flashcards

Glycolysis and the TCA cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Key regulatory enzymes of glycolysis

A

Hexokinase , PFK, Pyruvate kinase

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2
Q

Nets of glycoolytic pathway

A

2 ATP 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate

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3
Q

Explain Km and affinity for GLucokinase

A

high Km , low affinity for glucose .. only uses glucose when glucose levels are very high

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4
Q

Increase of G6P means a decrease in

A

glucokinase

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5
Q

Committed step go glycolysis

A

PFK

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6
Q

Two isoforms of pyruvate kinase

A

Liver isoform - regulated by phosphorylation Muscle - not reg by phos

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7
Q

Net yields of the TCA

A

3 NADH 1 GTP 3 H+ 1 FADH2

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8
Q

Key regulation sites at TCA

A

Citrate synthase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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9
Q

Things that can be turned into Ace COA

A

AA FA Pyruvate

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10
Q

Things that can be turned into OAA

A

AA Pyruvate , Propionyl COA

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11
Q

Things to know about pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A
  1. requires TPP, lipoid acid, and FA 2. Requires 3 subunits E1 E2 E3 3. Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
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12
Q

More efficient shuttle

A

glycerol phosphate shuttle

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13
Q

PFK influenced primary by

A

energy charge of cell and nutritional status of the liver

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14
Q

Activators of glucokinase

Inhibitors

A

Insulin

Inhibitors: G6P

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15
Q

A and I of PFK

A

A:

AMp,

F2,6-BisP

I:

ATP

Citrate

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16
Q

A and I of Pyruvake kinase

A

A:

AMP,

F1,6-BisP- (earlier intermediate of that pathwasy that tells the cycle to keep up)

I:

ATp, Ace-CoA, Alanine

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17
Q

Enzymes def in Hemolytic anemia

A

Pyruvate kinase (95%)

Phophoglucose isomerase (4%)

18
Q

What feeds into glyc pathway and where ?

A

GLycerol : at DHAP

GLycogen at G6P

Alanine and lactate at pyruvate

19
Q

Key regulatory enzymes of the TCA

A

Citrate synthetase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Alpha keto glutarate dehydrogenase

20
Q

Where is pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme located ?

Requires what 3 things

A

Mito matrix

Tpp

Lipoic acid

FAD

21
Q

Explain CoA, NAD+ , and AMP regarding Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

All of these activate

“Keep the cycle going and make energy”

22
Q

Ace-CoA, NADH, GTP/ATP regarding pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

Inhibitors

” slow down , we have enough”

23
Q

Explain dephosphorylation and phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

Dephopshorylation =activation

Phosphorylation =deactivation

24
Q

What effects does pyruvate have on the Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

its is the substrate so its activates it

Pyruvate also inhibits the kinase which deactivates the complex, so its like taking the breaks off the car

25
Q

High NADH/NAD+ and high Ace-CoA/CoA levels will do what to pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

SLow it down “says, we have enough stuff”

But these ratios also activate a kinase which in turn inhibits the enzyme

26
Q

What effect does calcium have on the phosphodehydrogenase complex

A

It activates the phosphotase which activates the complex

27
Q

Given a High NADH and High Ace-CoA ratios , these do what to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

Inhibit the phosphatase , therefore inactivating the complex

28
Q

What inhibits citrate synthase ?

A

ATP, NADH, and Succinyl Co-A

29
Q

Isocitrate dehydrogenase is inhibited by and activated by?

A

I: ATP, NADH

A: ADP, Calcium

30
Q

Alpha keto glutarate is activated and inhibited by ?

A

I: ATP, NADH, Succininyl CO-A

A: AMP , Calcium

31
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation, the protons are pumped into

A

intramenbranous space

32
Q

Complexes that pump hydrogen out

A

1, 3, 4

1 and 3 pump out 4H+

and 4 pumps out 2H+

33
Q

Role of ubiquinone

A
34
Q

What enzyme is associated with complex 2

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

35
Q

Oxidizes cytochrome C

A

Complex 4

36
Q

Explain the cost of ATP synthesis

A

the matrix has a -4 charg (ATP)and cytosol has a -3 charge (ADP) before ATP goes to cytosol

Once ATP is exchanged to cytolsol, charge goes from -3 to -4 ,so inessence that costs 1 proton

37
Q

ATP to NADH and FADH2 ratio

A

1NADH=2.5 ATP

1FADH2= 1.5 ATP

38
Q

Gives overview of regulating oxidative phosphorylation

A

muscle uses ATP

increase in ADP

increase in ATP synthesis

decrease in proton gradient

increase ETC to restore gradient

decrease in NADH/NAD+ and FADH2/FAD ratios

increase fuel oxidation

39
Q

Inhibitors of complexes

A

complex 1: rotenone , Amytal, Demerol,

Cyt C- Carbon monoxide , cyanide , azide,

ATP synthase - oligomyocin

Membrane- uncouplers , 2,4-dinitrophenol, dicumarol, FCCP

40
Q
A

Block 1 -Test 1, (Biochem) (12 decks)

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