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Biochemistry > Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of anaerobic fermentation?

A

lactic acid and ethanol

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2
Q

what two things does the glycolytic pathway do?

A

degrades glucose to make ATP and provides building blocks for synthetic reactions

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3
Q

how is glycolysis regulated?

A

using enzymes which are controlled by transcription

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4
Q

what are three main enzymes involved in glycolysis?

A

phosphofructokinase, hexokinase and pyruvate

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5
Q

where is phosphofructokinase used?

A

fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1, 6-biphosphate

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6
Q

where is hexokinase used?

A

glucose to glucose 6-phosphate

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7
Q

what stages are the energy investment phase?

A

1-3

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8
Q

what steps are the energy generation phase?

A

7 and 10

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9
Q

what is the first step in glycolysis?

A

glucose to glucose 6 phosphate

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10
Q

what enzyme is responsible for the 1st step?

A

hexokinase

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11
Q

what is the 2nd step?

A

glucose 6 phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate

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12
Q

what enzyme is responsible for the production of fructose 6 phosphate?

A

glucose 6 phosphate isomerase

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13
Q

what is the 3rd step?

A

fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1, 6-biphosphate

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14
Q

what enzyme is responsible for the third step?

A

phosphofructokinase

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15
Q

what are the 2 branches of the 4th step?

A

fructose 1, 6-biphosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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16
Q

what enzyme is responsible for the 4th step?

A

aldolase

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17
Q

what is step 5?

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

18
Q

what enzyme is responsible for the 5th step?

A

triode phosphate isomerase

19
Q

how are 2 pyruvate formed from one molecule of glucose?

A

because the pathway split to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in two different ways

20
Q

what is the 6th step?

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate

21
Q

what enzyme is responsible for the 6th step?

A

GAPDH

22
Q

what enzyme is GADPH?

A

glyeraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

23
Q

what is the 7th step?

A

1, 3-biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate

24
Q

what enzyme is responsible for the 7th step?

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

25
Q

what is the 8th step?

A

3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate

26
Q

what enzyme is responsible for the 8th step?

A

phosphoglycerate mustase

27
Q

what is the 9th step?

A

2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate

28
Q

what enzyme is responsible for the 9th step?

A

enolase

29
Q

what is the 10th step?

A

phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

30
Q

what enzyme is responsible for the 10th step?

A

pyruvate kinase

31
Q

how does the table of yield produce a net production of 2 ATP?

A

stages 1 and 3 use up 1 ATP and stages 7 and 10 produce 2 ATP each

32
Q

what is anaerobic glycolysis?

A

leads to pyruvate production yet it is then reduced so no oxidation go glucose occurs

33
Q

what is fermentation?

A

an energy yielding pathway with no change in the oxidation state of its products

34
Q

what is lactate fermentation?

A

pyruvate to lactate due to donation of hydrogen atom

35
Q

what is alcoholic fermentation?

A

pyruvate to acetylaldehyde with production of CO2 and then to ethanol with donation of hydrogen atom

36
Q

what cells carry on lactate fermentation?

A

animal cells and lactate acid bacteria

37
Q

what cells carry out alcoholic fermentation?

A

yeast

38
Q

what other substates can be utilised to form glucose?

A

lactose, sucrose and maltose

39
Q

how can the other forms of substrates be used to produce glucose?

A

fructose and galactose are converted into glycolytic intermediates

40
Q

where is gluconeogenesis important?

A

during starvation or fasting

41
Q

what do glucose transporters do?

A

mediate downhill movement of glucose across plasma membrane

42
Q

what is the structure of a glucose transporter?

A

12 trans-membrane helix structure

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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