Glycolysis

Question 1

Tauri disease

Answer 1

PFK-1 deficiency

Question 2

How is PFK-1 hormonally regulated

Answer 2

insulin and glucagon
insulin will create protein phosphatases which will remove the P04 from PFK-2 (enzyme) and add it to substrate Fruc-2-6BP. This will activate PFK-1 and favor glycolysis
Glucagon will stimulate kinases which will add a phosphate to PFK-2 making it inactive, not favoring glycolysis

Question 3

regulation of Pyruvate kinase

Answer 3

high insulin will increase phosphatases which will remove the phosphate from the enzyme adding it to PEP–> pyruvate
high glucagon will increase cAMP which will increase kinases to phophorylate and stop the enzyme from adding the phosphate

Question 4

Regulation of glycolysis during physical activity

Answer 4

At rest: G-6P inhibits hexokinase; ATP/AMP inhibit PFK-1 and Pyruvate kinase
During exercise: GLYCOLYSIS ACTIVATED ATP/AMP activates PFK, F-1,6,BP will activate pyruvate kinase

Question 5

Fanconi-Bickle syndrome

Answer 5

• Deficiency of GLUT2 transporters-liver, pancreatic B cells, renal tubules
• Stunted growth
• Hypoglycemia between meals but hyperglycemia during meals
• Hepatomegaly- glycogen buildup in liver due to insulin secretion being low because pancreatic B cells fail to sense an increase in blood glucose levels
treatment is vitamin D and phosphate, uncooked corn startch

Question 6

Red blood cells and glycolysis

Answer 6

• RBCs lack mitochondria so glycolysis only mechanism for ATP production
• If disrupt glycolysis no energy active transports are messed and cells die anemia
• Men 4-6 million/mm3
• Women 3.5-5.5 million/mm3

Question 7

v. Hemolytic anemia

Answer 7

• Premature destruction of erythrocytes and could be due to a number of factors
• Membrane (spherocytosis, elliptocytosis)
• Metabolism (nonspherocytic anemia)… leads to less ATP production, less active transporters working, more Na+ in the cell— swelling and hemolysis
• Hemoglobinopathies (thalassemias, sickle cell disease)
• Nutritional deficiencies….vitamin b12/cobalamin
• Viral, bacterial, protozoan infections
CLINICAL MARKERS: elevated lactate dehydrogenase, unconjugated bilirubin

Question 8

What condition could elevate Phe in fetal brains and disrupt glycolysis by inhibiting PK?

Answer 8

PKU

Question 9

Potential causes of Diabetes

Answer 9

mutations in GK and mitochondrial tRNAleu genes , aberrant conversion of proinsulin to mature insulin, defective insulin receptor, pancreatitis, trauma, infection, pancreatic carcinoma.