Glycolysis

Question 1

3 importances

Answer 1

Energy production. ATP
metabolic intermediates
Reducing power NADH

Question 2

Where is glycolysis
When
Net gain

Answer 2

Cytoplasm of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Aerobic and anaerobic
2 ATP
2 NADH

Question 3

The enzymes

Answer 3

Kinase > transfer of phosphate
Isomerase > change physical structure
Aldolase > type of lyase, catalyses bond breaking between carbon and other molecules
Dehydrogenase> removes hydrogen causing oxidation
Mutase > type of isomerase but changes position of functional grp
Enolase > loss of water, dehydrogenation

Question 4

First 2 steps

Answer 4

Uptake and phosphorylation of glucose&raquo_space; glucose 6 phosphate by hexokinase enzyme (1 ATP used)

Isomerisation of glucose 6 phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate by phosphohexose isomerase

Question 5

Step 3 and 4 and 5

Answer 5

Phosphorylation of fructose 6 phosphate by phosphofructokinase 1
(1 ATP used) To fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

Cleavage of fructose 1,6 bisphosphate by aldolase into dihydroxy acetone and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

Isomerisation of dihydrohyacetone into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate by triose phosphate isomerase enzyme

Question 6

Rate limiting step is
Regulation
Limitation

Answer 6

Phosphorylation of fructose 6 phosphate it is the slowest step that controls the rate of the entire pathway

Question 7

Step 6 and 7

Answer 7

Oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate and NADH by glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase

Synthesis of 3 phosphoglycerate from 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate kinase (2 ATP produced)

Question 8

First substrate level phosphorylation is at step

2nd step

Answer 8

7, synthesis of 3 phosphoglycerate

10, pyruvate synthesis

Question 9

Last 3 steps

Answer 9

Intermolecular shift from 3 phosphoglycerate to 2 phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase

Dehydration from 2 phosphoglycerate to phosphoenol pyruvate by enolase enzyme forming double bonds and high energy compound

Formation of pyruvate from phosphoenolpyruvate by pyruvate kinase enzyme requires Mg2+ and k+ (2 ATP produced )

Question 10

Steps that yields a high energy compound

Answer 10

6,oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate

9, the dehydration of 2 phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate , PEP

Question 11

Total yield of glycolysis per glucose molecule

Answer 11

2 NADH
2 ATP

Question 12

What is the fate of pyruvate

Answer 12

Aerobic > catabolized in mitochondria by citric acid cycle and pyruvate dehydrogenase, carbons are oxidised to CO2 and free energy used to synthesises ATP, NADH , FADH

Anaerobic > lactate in homolactic fermentation or ethanol in alcoholic fermentation

Question 13

The equation

Answer 13

1 glucose + 2 NAD +2 ADP + 2Pi&raquo_space;>
2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

Question 14

NADH fate

Answer 14

Oxidised in mitochondria, under aerobic conditions
2 NADH = 6 ATP

Question 15

The steps that yield or consume

Answer 15

Step 1 and step 3&raquo_space; 2 ATP consumed

Step 7 and step 10&raquo_space; 4 ATP formed

Step 6&raquo_space; 2 NADH synthesis

Question 16

Is there hydration in glycolysis

Answer 16

No but there is in krebs

Question 17

What are energy molecules

Answer 17

NAD

FAD
Electron carriers
ATP