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GenBio > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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2
Q

How is breathing related to cellular respiration?

A
  1. In breathing, the lungs exchange CO2 and O2 between the body and the atmosphere
  2. In cellular respiration, the cells consume the O2 in extracting the energy from food and release CO2 as a waste product
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3
Q

Cellular respiration is a term that refers to?

A

The biochemical pathway by which cells release energy from the chemical bond of the food molecules and provide that energy for the essential processes of life

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4
Q

Prokaryotic cells carry out cellular respiration __________. Meanwhile, eukaryotic cells carry out cellular respiration in the ______________.

A

Cytoplasm; Mitochondrion

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5
Q

Similarities of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

A
  1. Both undergo glycolysis in the cytoplasm of the cell.
  2. Both undergo substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis in producing ATP molecules.
  3. Both split the 6- carbon glucose into two molecule of pyruvate, the three carbon molecule.
  4. Both involved a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that takes place in the cytoplasm.
  5. Both use NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a redox coenzyme that accepts two electrons plus a (H+) that becomes NADH
  6. Both performed by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
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6
Q

Main Functions of Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration

A

Aerobic Respiration: Production of ATP from food such as carbohydrate, lipid and protein

Anaerobic Respiration: Production of ATP without the use of oxygen

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7
Q

Site of reaction of Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration

A

Aerobic Respiration: Cytoplasm and Mitochondrion

Anaerobic Respiration: Cytoplasm

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8
Q

Production of ATP of Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration

A

Aerobic Respiration: 36 to 38 ATP per glucose molecule

Anaerobic Respiration: 2 ATP per glucose molecule

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9
Q

Sustainability of Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration

A

Aerobic Respiration: Long Term

Anaerobic Respiration: Short Term

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10
Q

Production of Lactic Acid of Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration

A

Aerobic Respiration: Does not produce

Anaerobic Respiration: Produces

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11
Q

Oxygen Requirement of Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration

A

Aerobic Respiration: Needs O2

Anaerobic Respiration: Does not need O2

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12
Q

Recycling of NADH of Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration

A

Aerobic Respiration: Through the electron transport system

Anaerobic Respiration: In lactic acid fermentation, (i.e, muscle cells; in alcohol fermentation (pyruvate is converted to carbon dioxide and ethanol)

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13
Q

Participating Cells of Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration

A

Aerobic Respiration: Most cells

Anaerobic Respiration: Yeast, other fungi, prokaryotes, and muscle cells

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14
Q

Glycolysis occurs where?

A

It occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid of the cell, that is, outside the organelles

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15
Q

Where does Krebs Cycle occur?

A

Within the mitochondria

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16
Q

What does the Krebs Cycle do?

A

It completes the breakdown of glucose by decomposing a derivative of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide

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17
Q

Three main stages of Respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain
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18
Q

What happens in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

It obtains electrons from the hydrogen carrier NADH, the reduced form of NAD+

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19
Q

FAD also shuttles some ________ from the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain. The reduced form of FAD is FADH2

A

Electrons

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20
Q

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
are energy-releasing stages that?

A

Extract electrons from food molecules
while breaking these molecules down
to CO2

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21
Q

NAD+ and FAD temporarily capture the electrons and relay them to where?

A

The top of the Electron Transport Chain

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22
Q

What is the reduced form of FAD?

A

FADH2

23
Q

The chain uses the _______________ of
electrons from NADH and FADH2 to O2
to pump H+ ions across a membrane.

A

Downhill Flow

24
Q

Glycolysis means?

A

“Splitting of Sugar”

25
Q

How does Glycolysis begin?

A

Glycolysis begins with a single molecule of glucose and concludes with two molecules of another organic compound, pyruvic acid

26
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

It is the metabolic process that serves as the foundation for both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration

27
Q

What happens to glucose in Glycolysis?

A

It is converted into pyruvate

28
Q

Glucose is a six-membered ring molecule that is found where?

A

In the blood

Additional Info: Glucose is usually a result of breakdown of carbohydrates into sugars

29
Q

Overall Equation of Glycolysis

A

Glucose + 2 NAD+ 2 ADP + 2Pi
->
2 Pyruvate + 2 NADPH + 2 ATP + 2H+ + 2 H20

30
Q

In Glycolysis, there is a net gain of _____ ATP and, ____ pyruvates are formed

A

two; two

31
Q

The first step in glycolysis is the conversion of D-glucose into glucose-6-phosphate. This is catalyzed by what enzyme?

A

Hexokinase

32
Q

When the glucose ring is phosphorylated, how many molecule/s of ATP is consumed?

A

1

33
Q

The second reaction of glycolysis is the rearrangement of glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate by what enzyme?

A

Glucose phosphate isomerase
(Phosphoglucose isomerase)

34
Q

What does G6P mean?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

35
Q

What does F6P mean?

A

Fructose-6-phosphate

36
Q

What does FBP mean?

A

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

37
Q

______________, with magnesium as a cofactor, changes fructose-6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.

A

Phosphofructokinase

38
Q

Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to?

A

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP)

39
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between F6P and FBP?

A

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

40
Q

The enzyme ________ splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars that are isomers of each other. These two sugars are dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate (GAP) or Phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)

A

Aldolase

41
Q

What does DHAP mean?

A

Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate

42
Q

What does PGAL mean?

A

Phosphoglyceraldehyde

43
Q

What does GAP stand for?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

44
Q

The enzyme ______________________ rapidly inter-converts the molecule
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3phosphate or phosphoglyceraldehyde. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate or phosphoglyceradehyde is removed and used in next step of Glycolysis

A

Triosphosphate isomerase or Phosphotriose isomerase

45
Q

_________________ dehydrogenates and adds an inorganic phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or phosphoglyceraldehyde producing 1, 3- bisphosphoglycerate

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase (GAPDH)

46
Q

What does GAPDH mean?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase

47
Q

__________________ transfers a
phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to form ATP and 3 phosphoglycerate

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase or Phosphoglyceric acid kinase

48
Q

The enzyme ____________________
mutase relocates the P from the 3-
phosphoglycerate from the 3rd carbon to the 2nd carbon to form 2-
phosphoglycerate

A

Phosphoglycerate Mutase or Phosphoglycerate Acid Mutase

49
Q

The enzyme _______ removes a molecule of water from 2 phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) or phosphoenol pyruvic acid

A

Enolase

50
Q

What does PEP mean?

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate

51
Q

How does Enolase work?

A

It works by removing a water group, or dehydrating the 2 phosphoglycerate

52
Q

The enzyme _____________________________ transfers a P from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) or phosphoenolpyruvic acid to ADP to form pyruvic acid and ATP

A

Pyruvate Kinase or Pyruvic Acid Kinase

53
Q

How many ATPs are produced in the steps of Glycolysis?

A

Step 1 and 3 = -2ATP
Step 7 and 10 = +4 ATP

Net “visible” ATP produced = 2 ATP

54
Q

A single glucose molecule in glycolysis produces a total of ___ molecules of pyruvate, ___ molecules of ATP, ___ molecules of NADH and ___
molecules of water.

A

two; two; two; two

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