Glycolysis

Question 1

What is glucose

Answer 1

1.Glucose is a very versatile precursor for a large number of biosynthetic reactions
2.When glucose is oxidised to carbon large amount of energy is released exergonic 100 atpases can be made

Question 2

How many carbons does glucose have ?

Answer 2

6

Question 3

how does the glucose enter the cell?

Answer 3

By glutt receptors that allow glucose in and out of the cells

Question 4

Examples of glut 1 receptors?

Answer 4

Rbcs
fetus
blood brain barrier

Question 5

What are the two phases?

Answer 5

Preparatory - phosphorylation of glucose
Payoff- oxidative conversion of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to pyruvate

Question 6

How many ATPs and ADPs do we get from glycolysis

Answer 6

4

Question 7

what happens in glucose-6-phosphate step 1?

Answer 7

1. Hexokinase and glucokinase are enzymes that come from ATP conversion to ADP making phosphate

2.Phosphate is added to the glucose so it goes leave

Question 8

what is the difference between aldehyde and ketone?

Answer 8

Aldehyde has a hydrogen whereas a ketone has got a carbon.

Question 9

What happens in fructose-6-phosphate step 2 ?

Answer 9

1. It is a copy of glucose but it different arrangement so it is an isomer
2. Glucose-6-phosphate C double bond is moved to the 2nd position which is fructose-6-phosphate

Question 10

What happens in fructose 1, 6 -bisphosphate step 3?

Answer 10

1. PFK 1 adds phosphate group by converting ATP to ADP
2. Aldose splits into dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde - both has phosphate added

Question 11

What happens in triosephosphophate isomerase step 4?

Answer 11

1. Triose p isomerase converts dihydroxyacetone into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

2.This enzyme is essential for allowing the dihydroxy acetone phosphate to be metabolised

Question 12

What happens in 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate step 5 ?

Answer 12

1.Glycerolaldehyde 3-P dehydrogenase NAD coverts to NADH and gets rid of the hydrogen also it adds a phosphate group

2.The reaction is the sum of two reactions: an oxidation of analdehyde to a carboxylic acid by NAD+ (G < 0) and theformation of an acyl-phosphate G > 0)

3.First ATP generating reaction of glycolysis in which a phosphategroup is transferred to ADP to form ATP. e.g OF substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 13

What happens in 3-phosphateglycerate step 6?

Answer 13

1. ADP coverts to ATP making 2
2. phosphateglycerate mutase rips off the phosphate and gives it to the ADP to make ATP

3.The mutase transfers the phosphate group from the -OH group on C3 to the -OH group on C2 (via an enzyme-bound 2, 3- bisphosphoglycerate intermediate) making it into 2 phosphoglycerate

Question 14

What happens in PEP step 7?

Answer 14

1.2 phosphoglycerate into PEP
2.Dehydration reaction, loss of hydrogen and water
3.Enolase adds a phosphate group

Question 15

What happens in Pyruvate kinase step 8?

Answer 15

1.No phosphate group so ATP is made making 2 ADP and ATP

2.ATP being made stoped the phosphate

3. makes a pyruvate

Question 16

What can the pyruvate go into ?

Answer 16

1. Fermentation
2. Lactate

Question 17

What happens in lactate fermentation?

Answer 17

1.Lactate fermentation-In muscles, pyruvate formed by glycolysis is reduced to lactate.
2.The reduction of pyruvate to lactate re-generates NAD+ from NADH allowing glycolysis to continue.

Question 18

What is the Regulation of glycolysis?

Answer 18

1. To generate energy
2. Biosynthesis reactions

Question 19

What inhibits and activates the PFK?

Answer 19

1.PFK is allosterically inhibited by ATP. ( Reduced)

2. PFK is allosterically activated by AMP.(Increased)

Question 20

What two main functions of Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)

Answer 20

1. Generates NADPH (by oxidation of glucose) for use in reductive biosynthetic reactions.
2. Synthesis of pentose sugars for nucleotide biosynthesis.