Glycolysis

Question 1

Is ATP an unstable compund?

Answer 1

no

Question 2

what is required to break down ATP?

Answer 2

enzymes

Question 3

what is formed during respiration?

Answer 3

NADH

Question 4

is there a direct flow of electrons between glucose and oxygen?

Answer 4

no

Question 5

how do electrons flow during glycolysis?

Answer 5

via carrier molecule NADH and through the electron transport chain

Question 6

what is NADH?

Answer 6

NAD^+ plus one proton = NADH = the reduced form of NAD^+

Question 7

what is the process of glycolysis?

Answer 7

where glucose is broken down into two separate pyruvate molecules

Question 8

what is the net gain of NADH during glycolysis?

Answer 8

2

Question 9

what is the net gain of ATP during glycolysis?

Answer 9

2

Question 10

how many sugars does glucose have?

Answer 10

6

Question 11

how many sugars does a pyruvate molecule have?

Answer 11

3

Question 12

where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 12

the cytosol

Question 13

how is the ATP synthesised?

Answer 13

substrate level phosphorylation

Question 14

how does substrate level phosphorylation work?

Answer 14

it is catalysed by a series of enzymes

the substrate is phosphorylated by an enzyme and the Pi is transferred to the ADP attached to the enzyme forming ATP.

Question 15

when is glycolysis essential and why?

Answer 15

it is essential during intense excersize as it is a fast reaction that doesn’t require oxygen.

Question 16

what happens to pyruvate if oxygen is present?

Answer 16

the pyruvate will move into the mitochondria

Question 17

what proteins are present in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

Answer 17

components of the electron transport chain

ATP synthase

Question 18

how many membranes does the mitochondria have?

Answer 18

2

Question 19

what are the layers of the mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 19

the outer membrane
the inter-membrane
the inner membrane
the matrix

Question 20

what is a key feature of the mitochondria’s inner membrane?

Answer 20

it is impermeable to proteins

Question 21

what happens to pyruvate in the mitochondria?

Answer 21

it is converted from a 3 carbon sugar to a 2 carbon sugar by means of decarboxylation and NADH is formed.

Question 22

how can the glycolytic pathway be used and improved by biologists?

Answer 22

the Warberg effect - some cancerous cells will convert pyruvate into lactate even if O2 is present, scientists believe that disrupting this effect may disrupt cancer growth.