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Biochemistry II exam II > Glycogen > Flashcards

Glycogen Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Energy sources of glucose?

A

brain, blood cells, exercising muscle

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2
Q

What are our sources of glucose?

A

Diet
glycogen
gluconeougenesis

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3
Q

How quickly does Gluconeogenesis respond when glucose is needed?

A

it has a slow response

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4
Q

What can glycogen do when we have low blood sugar?

A

glycogen in liver and kidney can breakdown and release glyucose quickly

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5
Q

what can glycogen do in exercising muscle?

A

glycogen in muscle can breakdown and release glucose for energy

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6
Q

What is the storage form of carbohydrates in humans?

A

glycogen

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7
Q

What kind of bonds does Maltose contain?

A

alpha(1->4) Bond between two glucose molecules

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8
Q

What are the primary storage sites of Glycogen?

A

liver and skeletal muscle

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9
Q

What forms the chains in glycogen?

A

alpha (1->4) bonds (a glycosidic bond)

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10
Q

What kind of are the branch points in glycogen?

A

alpha(1->6) bonds (a glycosidic bond)

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11
Q

What bonds does glycogen contain?

A

branched are alpha (1->6)

chains are alpha(1->4) bonds

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12
Q

when does branching occur in glycogen?

A

approximately every 10 glucose molecule

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13
Q

What is the purpose of branching in glycogen?

A

provides increased solubility

provides easier access to glucose

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14
Q

What is the cellular location of glycogen?

A

the cytosol

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15
Q

How do we convert glycogen into Glucose-1-phosphate?

A

with glycogen phosphorylase and coenzyme-pyridoxal phosphate

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16
Q

What is the product of this reaction: Glycogen —-Glycogen phosphorylase+ Coenzyme-pyridoxal phosphate –> ???????????

A

Glucose-1-phosphate

17
Q

How is glucose-1-phosphate converted into glucose-6-phosphate

A

with the enzyme Phosphoglucomutase

18
Q

Why is glucose trapped in muscle?

A

muscle lacks the enzyme to release glucose

19
Q

What happens to glucose-6-phosphate in the liver?

A

endoplasmic reticulum (idk??)
It’s converted to free glucose
Glucose is sent to cytosol

20
Q

What turns glucose-6-phosphate into free glucose?

A

glucose-6-phosphatase

21
Q

When glucose-6-phosphate is sent to the cytosol in the liver what is done to the glucose?

A

glucose-6-phosphate is released into the blood stream

22
Q

What happens to glucose-6-phosphate when send to the muscle?

A

glucose-6-phosphate goes through glycolysis

23
Q

when is phosphorylase no longer effective at breaking down glycogen?

A

when there are four glucose molecules left prior to a branch point

24
Q

What two enzymes are required to breakdown a branch point in glycogen?

A

glucosyl-(4:4)-transferase

Amylo-alpha-(1,6)-glycosidase

25
Q

What does glucosyl-(4:4)-transferase do?

A

Removes the outer three glucose molecules prior to a branch point in glycogen

26
Q

What does Amylo-alpha-(1,6)-glycosidase do?

A

Removes the last glucose molecules prior to branch chain in glycogen

27
Q

What is the main enzyme in glycogenolysis regulation?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

28
Q

what stimulates glycogenolysis?

A

Liver (Fasting stimulates)

Muscle (stimulated during exercise)

29
Q

What are the hormonal regulation of glycogenolysis?

A

Glucagon (in liver)

Epinephrine (in liver/muscle)

30
Q

activation of adenylyl cyclase happens in response to what in glycogenolysis?

A

cAMP
Protein kinase A (PKA)
(ASK?)

31
Q

To what other hormone does Catecholamines work similar to?

A

Glucagon

32
Q

What regulates glycogen regulation?

A 
Low blood glucose
Epinephrine
Calcium
ADP, AMP
Low energy charge
33
Q

Why is calcium released in muscle for glycogen degradation?

A

neural stimulation - releases Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum

34
Q

Why is Calcium released in liver?

A

epinephrine (unsure on how to phrase q)

35
Q

When Calcium binds to calmodulin (CaM) what happens?

A

It forms the CA2+-CaM complex and activates phosphorylase kinase

36
Q

Ca2+ and stress (don’t know how to phrase)

A

Liver
Epinephrine release from adrenal medulla (need glucose)
Releases Ca2+ from ER to cytoplasm (binds to CaM)
Ca2+-CaM activates phosphorylase kinase

37
Q

What happens when AMP binds to glycogen phosphorylase “b”?

A

no phosphorylation will occur

38
Q

What are the Enzymes used in glycogen breakdown?

A 
Glycogen phosphorylase
Phosphoglucomutase
Glucosyl-(4:4)-transferase
Amylo-alpha-(1,6)-glucosidase
Glucose-6-phosphatase

Biochemistry II exam II (4 decks)

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