Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry II exam II > Amino Acids > Flashcards

Amino Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What enzyme is used to transform L-arginine to L-ornithine?

A

Arginase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the byproduct of this reactions?

L-Arginine to L-Ornithine

A

UREA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

to what location is urea transported to be excreted?

A

the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many molecules of Nitrogen does urea have?

A

two

one from Aspartate and one from free NH3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the precursor for both NH3 and Aspartate?

A

Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What conversion of glutamate gives off NH3?

A

conversion to alpha KG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What happens to amino acids go if there is low energy?

A

the amino acid is oxidized to recreate ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens to AA if low glucose?

A

the AA is sent to the liver to turn into glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to AA’s if we have high energy charge and lots of glucose?

A

the aa is sent to the liver and turned into fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Exercise can oxidize specific AA’s to make ATP because of what condition made during exercise?

A

low energy charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are proteins sent to the Liver?

A

they are sent to the liver on Alanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What AA’s are able to be oxidized in the Krebs cycle?

A

LIV GAA (GALIVA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What enzyme is used for Anaplerosis?

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What enzyme is used in the following reaction: pyruvate +glutamate —> Alanine + alpha-ketoglutarate

A

ALT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the plasma trends when exercising?

A

Gluatamate concentration decreases

Alanine concentrations increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the ATP turnover when exercising compared to normal?

A

it increases 100 fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the increase in AA turnover during exercise in muscle?

A

4-10 fold increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does fast glycolysis produce?

A

extra pyruvate to pick up the amino groups from the amino acids being oxidized in muscle
This is the reason for increased alanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the source for exporting amino acids in muscle glycogen?

A

pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do muscles use branched chain amino acids for?

A

for fuel

use their nitrogen to make glutamine for export

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do muscle and other tissue’s (except the liver) contain to deal with branched chain aa?

A

branch chain aminotransferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what amino acids does muscle take up after a meal?

A

90% of LIV and glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Does the gut have a large uptake of BCAA?

A

No, it lacks sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What area constantly releases glutamate?

A

splanchnic area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the splanchnic area to?

A

take glutamine and coverts it into gluatmate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What AA’s are released in higher quantities than taken in by muscle?

A

Alanine and glutamine

27
Q

How do we turn an AA into fat?

A
  1. turn aa into alpha-ketoacid
  2. turn the alpha-ketoaid into acetyl CoA
  3. make fat (from acetyl CoA)
28
Q

What enzyme is used to transform Arginiosuccinate into L-arginine?

A

Arginiosuccinate Lyase

29
Q

what are the 3 metabolic circumstances where we break down amino acids?

A
  1. protein turnover
  2. protein rich diet
  3. Starvation, uncontrolled diabetes melltus
30
Q

Are amino acids stored in the body?

A

No

31
Q

How do we get amino acids?

A

dietary
synthesized
protein degradation

32
Q

What is done to excess amino acids?

A

they are catabolized

33
Q

What are the steps in catabolism of amino acids?

A

step 1) removal of amino group

step 2) carbon skeleton

34
Q

What does oxidation of amino acids mean?

A

to burn them in the aerobic system (krebs cycle and ETS) to get ATP

35
Q

When are amino acids oxidized?

A

when the cell’s energy charge is low

36
Q

How many amino acids can the liver oxidize?

A

most of the 20 amino acids

37
Q

Where are free amino acids pooled?

A

in cells, blood and extracellular fluid

38
Q

How is the pool of free amino acids supplied?

A

by breakdown of endogenous protein, dietary protein and synthesis of non-essential AA.

39
Q

What is the size of the AA pool in a 70 kg person?

A

100-200 grams of AA (compared to 12Kg of proteins)

40
Q

What happens to an amino acid if there is a low energy charge?

A

the amino acid is oxidized to recreate ATP

41
Q

what happens to the AA if there is low glucose?

A

the AA is sent to the liver to turn into glucose

42
Q

What happens to the AA if there is high energy charge and lots of glucose?

A

The AA i sent to the liver and turned into fat

43
Q

What enzyme is used to remove the amino group in an AA?

A

Aminotransferase (aka: transaminases)

44
Q

When the enzyme aminotransferase removes the amino group from an AA where is the amino group transferred to?

A

to alpha-ketoglutarate

45
Q

What molecule is the excretion pathway of nitrogen?

A

Glutamate

46
Q

Is glutamate an amino group donor in the biosynthetic pathway?

A

yes

47
Q

What is the 1st step in amino acid metabolism?

A

Remove amino group and transfer to alpha-ketoglutarate

48
Q

Where do most amino acids transfer their alpha-amino group to?

A

to alpha-ketoglutarate

49
Q

What is the required coenzyme for transamination?

A

pyridoxal phosphate (a derivative of vitamin B6)

50
Q

What is the primary site for uptake of most amino acids following a meal?

A

the liver (50-65%)

51
Q

What percentage of the amino acids are used for the synthesize of protein in the liver?

A

20 percent are used for protein synthesis. Most stays in the liver while the rest are released into the plasma

52
Q

What process removes the amino group from the AA?

A

Amino acid catabolism

53
Q

What is left when the amino group is removed from an AA?

A

an alpha-ketoacid

54
Q

What is the usual pathway for alpha-ketoacids?

A

usually enter metabolic pathways (krebs, gluconeogenesis, fat synthesis. . .)

55
Q

Where are most of the AA metabolized?

A

the liver

56
Q

Where is ammonia from extrahepatic tissue transported?

A

to the liver or excreted

57
Q

What transport Ammonia to the liver?

A

Glutamine and Alanine

58
Q

What are the factors that affects what happens to an alpha-ketoacid?

A 
Energy charge
Hormones (glucagon/insulin)
respiratory quotient
glucose concentration
Tissue (liver versus muscle)
59
Q

The alpha-ketoacid Oxaloacetate can be turned into two other molecules?

A

Aspartate and Asparagine

60
Q

Which two AA will not be turned into glucose?

A

Leucine and Lysine

61
Q

When blood glucose is low, muscle export what for GNG?

A

Amino Acids

62
Q

What is the Glucose Alanine cycle that occurs during exercise?

A
  1. muscle is releasing alanine during exercise
  2. liver turns Alanine into glucose
  3. Liver takes the amino group and converts it to urea
63
Q

How are amino acids turned into fat?

A
  1. turn the amino acid into an Alpha-ketoacid
  2. Turn the alpha-ketoacid into acetyl CoA
  3. Make Fat (Use: Acetyl CoA Carboxylase and Fatty Acid synthase)
64
Q

What are the two ketogenic only AA?

A

Leucine and Lysine

Biochemistry II exam II (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions