Gluteal Region and Thigh

Question 1

What are the boarders the gluteal region

Answer 1

Superiorly by iliac crest and inferiorly by the fold of the buttock.

Question 2

What are the three gluteal muscles

Answer 2

Gluteus maximus, medius and minimus. These are external rotators of the thigh..

Question 3

Describe the features of the gluteus maximus

Answer 3

It is the prime extensor of the hip, used when standing from sitting and climbing stairs. It is used in external rotation, abducts and adducts. Some fibres insert on the iliotibial tract and therefore extends and locks the knee via iliotibial tract.

Question 4

Describe some of the features of gluteus medius and gluteus minimis

Answer 4

Gluteus medius lies deep to maximus, and minimus lies deep to medius. These are the abductors of the hip.

Question 5

What other muscle also aids in hip abduction

Answer 5

Tensor fascia latae

Question 6

What is the role of the abductors

Answer 6

They keep the pelvis level when walking. Contraction of the muscles prevent drop.

Question 7

What are the lateral rotators of the hip and name them

Answer 7

They are a group of muscles that pass from the pelvis to the femur, lying close to and posterior to the hip joint. These muscles are piriformis, superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus, quadrator femoris and obturator externus

Question 8

All gluteal muscles are supplied by whar?

Answer 8

Superior gluteal nerve, except gluteus maximus which is supplied by inferior gluteal nerve

Question 9

Where does the sciatic nerve originate from and therefore where should intramuscular injection be preformed

Answer 9

• SN emerges into gluteal region inferior to piriformis. So the safe ares for intramuscular injections is the upper outer quadrant.

Question 10

What are the flexors of the thigh

Answer 10

• Muscles passing anterior to hip joint. These are Psoas major and illiacus which are collectively known as iliopsoas which are the most powerful flexor. Also Sartorius and Rectus femoris which also act upon the knee joint

Question 11

How do illiacus and Psoas major pass into the thigh?

Answer 11

Through the retro-inguinal space into the femoral region where the fascia of psoas divides the space into muscular and vascular compartments. Illiacus and the femoral nerve enter the muscular compartment.

Question 12

What are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh (extensors of the thigh) their action and what they are supplied by

Answer 12

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembraneous (hamstrings). Their action is to extend the hip but also flex the leg. They are supplied by the sciatic nerve, except short head of biceps

Question 13

What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh

Answer 13

Adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis and gracilis. All preform adduction and are all supplied by obturator nerve

Question 14

What are the main extensors of the knee

Answer 14

Quadricepts femoris which is a group of muscles made up of; Rectus femoris, Vastus intermedius, Vastus medialis and Vastuc lateralis

Question 15

What is the stability if the knee joint dependant on/

Answer 15

The tone of quadriceps

Question 16

What is the Pes Anserinus

Answer 16

It is the common site of attachement for sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus on the tibia. It also adds stability to the medial side of the knee

Question 17

Describe the features of the patella ligament reflex

Answer 17

Deep tendon reflex which is elicited by tapping the patellar ligament. It tests the femoral ligament and spinal segments L3 and L4

Question 18

What are the boarders of the femoral triangle

Answer 18

Inguinal ligament (base) the sartorius muscle laterally, the adductor longus medially, pectineus (medial floor) and illiopsoas (lateral floor), roof is fascia lata

Question 19

What is the femoral canal?

Answer 19

A short conical space between the medial wall of femoral sheath and the femoral vein.

Question 20

What is contained in the femoral canal and what are some features of it.

Answer 20

Deep inguinal lymph nodes found in canal. It allows the femoral vein to expand. Femoral ring at base of canal is a weak area, can lead to femoral hernia.

Question 21

What are the boarders of the femoral ring?

Answer 21

Anteriorly - medial part of inguinal ligament
Medially - Lacunar ligament
Laterally - septum between femoral canal and vein
Posteriorly - pectineus muscle and fascia

Question 22

What are the features of femoral hernia’s

Answer 22

There is a protrusion of abdominal viscera through the femoral ring into the canal. If untreated this viscera can undergo necrosis.

Question 23

What is the adductor canal? what runs through it?

Answer 23

(Hunter’s or subsartorial canal) It starts at inferior cornor of femoral triangle and ends at adductor hiatus. The femoral vessels and saphenous nerve and nerve to vastus medialis enter.

Question 24

What are the boarders of the adductor canal?

Answer 24

Anterolateral - Vastus medialis
Posteriorly - Adductor longus and adductor magnus.
Anteromedially - sartorius