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Medical Anatomy- Spring > Gluteal Region > Flashcards

Gluteal Region Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the major functions of the lower limb?

A

Support our body weight, maintain equilibrium, allow locomotion

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2
Q

What are the four major parts of the lower limb?

A

Hip/gluteal region (from iliac crest to thigh), Thigh (from hip to knee), leg (knee to ankle), foot (from ankle and on)

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3
Q

Describe the major function of deep fascia

A

Separates muscles from one another, especially strong in lower limb and invests limb like an elastic stocking.

Prevents buldging of muscles during contraction (allows contraction to be more efficient pumping blood toward the heart)

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4
Q

What type of tissue does deep fascia consist of?

A

dense connective tissue

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5
Q

Superficial fascia consist of what type of tissue?

A

loose connective tissue

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6
Q

What is the deep fascia of the thigh called?

A

fascia lata

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7
Q

Describe the iliotibial tract

A

deep fascia lata thickened laterally and strengthened by additional longitudinal fibers

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8
Q

The fascia lata is continuous with the deep fascia of the leg which is called?

A

crural fascia

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9
Q

Identify the structure

A

iliotibial tract of fascia lata

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10
Q

Identify the structure

A

Saphenous opening, a defect in the deep fascia that allows passage of the great saphenous vein

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11
Q

Identify the vein

A

Great saphenous vein

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12
Q

describe the function of valves

A

cuplike flaps of endothelium that fill from above

when full they occlude lumen of vein and prevent reflux of blood distally

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13
Q

Identify the vein

A

great saphenous vein

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14
Q

identify the vein

A

small saphenous vein

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15
Q

describe characteristics of the superficial veins of the lower limb

A

consists of greater and small saphenous veins

lie within subcutaneous fascia, less numerous valves

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16
Q

list the drainage of blood through the great saphenous vein from the foot to the femoral vein

A

union of dorsal vein of great toe and dorsal venous arch of foot -> ascends medially -> passes posterior to the medial condyle of femur -> eneter saphenous opening (defect in fascia lata) -> empties into femoral vein

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17
Q

describe characteristics of the great saphenous vein

A

anastamoses freely with small saphenous vein

consists of 10-12 valves (more numerous in leg than thigh)

valves allow blood to move towards heart (against gravity)

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18
Q

state the drainage of the small saphenous vein from the foot to the knee

A

union of dorsal vein of little toe and dorsal venous arch of foot -> ascends posteriorly -> penetrates deep fascia -> empties into popliteal vein

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19
Q

blood is continuously shunted to deep veins via

A

perforating veins

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20
Q

describe characteristics of perforating veins

A

contain valves and arranged in oblique angle within muscle so only allows blood to flow from superficial to deep veins

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21
Q

whay is the venous blood flow important?

A

enables contractions to propel blood to heart against gravity

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22
Q

Where are deep veins?

A

deep to deep fascia

contained in vascular sheath with artery

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23
Q

What is the significance of having deep veins in vascular sheath with artery?

A

arterial pulsationshelp to compress and move blood in veins

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24
Q

Characteristics of deep veins of the lower limb?

A

have more valves, accompany all major arteries

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25
Q

superficial lymphatics of the lower limb accompany what

A

great saphenous and small saphenous veins

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26
Q

The superficial lymphatics that accompany the great saphenous vein drain into

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes (most drain into external iliac and some drain into deep inguinal nodes)

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27
Q

The superficial lymphatics that accompany the small saphenous vein drain into

A

popliteal nodes

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28
Q

Deep lymphatics accompany?

A

deep veins

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29
Q

Where are deep lymphatics located and where do they drain?

A

lie under deep fascia; medial to femoral vein, eventually drains into deep inguinal lymph nodes followed by external iliac lymph nodes

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30
Q

Identify the lymph nodes

A

superficial inguinal nodes

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31
Q

Identify the lymph nodes

A

popliteal nodes

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32
Q

Identify the lymph nodes

A

external iliac nodes

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33
Q

Identify the lymph nodes

A

deep inguinal lymph nodes

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34
Q

Name the location, origin, and innervation of cutaneous nerves

A

Lie in suprficial fascia

mainly from lumbar and sacral plexuses

supply skin

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35
Q

Describe peripheral nerves

A

contain cutaneous branches from more than 1 spinal segment (more than 1 spinal nerve)

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36
Q

Describe dermatomes

A

an area of skin that is supplied by all cutaneous branches of 1 spinal nerve ( 1 spinal segment)

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37
Q

Buttocks are separated by what deep grove?

A

intergluteal (natal) cleft

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38
Q

What muscle forms the bulk of the buttock?

A

gluteus muscles

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39
Q

what demarcates the inferior boundary of buttock and start of thigh?

A

gluteal fold

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40
Q

Buttocks are located between what (borders)

A

between iliac crests and inferior border of gluteus maximus

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41
Q

At birth your hip bone is compsed of what?

A

3 separate bones joined by cartilage

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42
Q

When does you hip bnes begin to fuse?

A

15-17 years

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43
Q

what are the 3 bones in the hip separated by at puberty?

A

triadiate cartilage (Y-shaped cartilage)

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44
Q

What three bones of the hip fuse as an adult?

A

fusion of ileum, ischium, and pubis

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45
Q

When is fusin of the hip bones completed?

A

20-25 years

46
Q

Are there fushion lines of the 3 hip bones visible in older adults?

A

no, but still refer to the 3 bones

47
Q

Identify the yellow area/structure

A

Ileum

48
Q

Identify the blue area/structure

A

Ischium

49
Q

Identify the red area/structure

A

pubis

50
Q

Identify the structure

A

acetabulum

51
Q

Characteristics of acetabulum

A

“shallow vinegar cup”

Large cup-shaped cavity of lateral side of hipbone

formed by ileum, ischium, pubis

52
Q

Identify the stucture

A

acetabular notch

53
Q

Identify the surface

A

Ala (wing) of ileum

54
Q

Identify the structure

A

Iliac crest

55
Q

Identify the structure

A

ischial spine

56
Q

Identify the structure

A

greater sciatic notch

57
Q

Identify the structure

A

lesser sciatic notch

58
Q

Identify the structure

A

obturator foramen

59
Q

Identify the structure

A

anterior superior iliac spine

60
Q

Identify the structure

A

inferior iliac spine

61
Q

Identify the structure

A

pubic tubercle

62
Q

Identify the structure

A

obturator foramen

63
Q

Identify the structure

A

posterior superior iliac spine

64
Q

Identify the structure

A

ischial tuberosity

65
Q

Characteristics of obturator foramen

A

small passageway for obturator nerve and vessels otherwise completely closed by obturator membrane

66
Q

Identify the structure

A

greater sciatic foramen

67
Q

Identify the structure

A

lesser sciatic foramen

68
Q

Identify the structure

A

sacrospinous ligament

69
Q

Identify the structure

A

sacrotuberous ligaments

70
Q

What sturcutres convert the sciatic notches into foramina?

A

sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

71
Q

Greater sciatic foramen provides passageway for

A

structures enetering or leaving pelvis

“Doorway” for all lower limb arteries and nerves (leaves pelvis to enter gluteal region)

72
Q

Lesser sciatic formen provides passageway for

A

structures entering or leaving perineum

73
Q

Identify the muscle

A

gluteus maximus

74
Q

Action of the gluteus maximus

A

extension and lateral rotation of thigh

75
Q

Innervation of gluteus maximus

A

inferior gluteal nerve

76
Q

Identify the muscle

A

glutues medius

77
Q

Action of the gluteus medius muscle

A

abduct and medially rotate the thigh

78
Q

innervation of gluteus medius

A

superior gluteal nerve

79
Q

Identify the muscle

A

gluteus minimus

80
Q

action of gluteus minimus

A

abduct and medially rotate the thigh

81
Q

innervation of gluteus minimus

A

superior gluteal nerve

82
Q

Identify the muscle

A

piriformis

83
Q

action of the piriformis

A

laterall rotates extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh; stabilize hip joint

84
Q

innervation of the piriformis

A

S1 and S2 spinal nerves

85
Q

Identify the muscle

A

superior gemellus

86
Q

action of superior gemellus

A

laterally rotates extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh; stabilizes hip joint

87
Q

innervation of superior gemellus

A

nerve to obturator internus

88
Q

identify the muscle

A

obturator internus

89
Q

Action of obturator internus

A

laterally rotates extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh; stabilizes hip joint

90
Q

innevration of obturaotr internus

A

nerve to obturator internus

91
Q

identify the muscle

A

inferior gemellus

92
Q

action of inferior gemellus

A

laterally rotates extended thigh; abducts flexed thigh; stabilizes hip joint

93
Q

innervation of inferior gemellus

A

nerve to quadratus femoris

94
Q

identify the muscle

A

quadratus femoris

95
Q

action of quadratus femoris

A

laterally rotates extended thigh (strong rotator); stabilizes hip

96
Q

Innervation of quadratus femoris

A

nerve to quadratus femoris

97
Q

Shape of the gluteus medius and minimus muscles?

A

fan shaped

98
Q

Gluteus minimus and medius largely responsible for

A

preventing sagging of the unsupported pelvis during walking, therefore keeps pelvis level

Allows nonweightbearing foot to clear the ground as it is brought forward during walking

99
Q

What happens if you injure your superior gluteal nerve?

A

gluteus medius doesn’t contract when standing on one foot and pelvis on unsupported side

when walking pelvis descends on unsupported side and lower limb becomes too long and foot doesn’t clear the ground

100
Q

How does someone compensate for injury to superior gluteal nerve?

A

leans away from unsupported side therefore raising pelvis “wadding gait”

lifting foot higher “stepping gait”

101
Q

Piriformis can be used as a landmark for locating what nerve and where does the nerve run?

A

sciatic nerve, runs below piriformis

102
Q

What is piriformis syndrome?

A

excessive use of gluteal muscles causes hypertrophy and spasm of piriformis can cause compression of sciatic nerve

103
Q

skin of the gluteus is innervated by

A

superior, middle, and inferior clunial nerves

104
Q

Deep gluteal nerves arise from the

A

sacral plexus

105
Q

sciatic nerve arises from

A

ventral rami of L4-S3

106
Q

Sciatic nerve composed of how many nerves and what are they?

A

2, tibial nerve and common fibular (peroneal) nerve

107
Q

Superior gluteal nerve arises from what and located where?

A

arises from ventral rami of L4-S1, leaves greater sciatic foramen, superior to piriformis, runs between gluteus medius and minimus, runs with superficial gluteal artery

108
Q

Superificial gluteal nerve supplies

A

gluteus medius and minimus and tensor of fascia lata

109
Q

inferior gluteal nerve arises from and located where?

A

arises from ventral rami of L5-S2, leaves greater sciatic foramen, inferior to piriformis, runs with inferior gluteal artery

110
Q

Inferior gluteal nerve innervates

A

gluteus maximus

Medical Anatomy- Spring (8 decks)

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