gluteal region Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three main gluteal muscles?
A
Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus.
2
Q
True or False: The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle in the human body.
A
True.
3
Q
Fill in the blank: The primary function of the gluteus maximus is to ______ the hip.
A
extend.
4
Q
Which gluteal muscle is primarily responsible for hip abduction?
A
Gluteus medius.
5
Q
What is the origin of the gluteus maximus?
A
outer slope of dorsal segment of iliac crest
side of coccyx
dorsal surface of lower part of saccrum
sacruotuberous ligament
posterior gluteal line
aponeurosis of erector spinae
posterior part of gluteal surface of illium behind the posterior gluteal line
6
Q
Multiple choice: Which of the following muscles helps stabilize the pelvis during walking? A) Gluteus maximus B) Gluteus medius C) Gluteus minimus D) All of the above
A
D) All of the above.
7
Q
What nerve innervates the gluteus medius?
A
Superior gluteal nerve.
8
Q
True or False: The gluteus minimus is located beneath the gluteus medius.
A
True.
9
Q
What is the primary action of the gluteus minimus?
A
Hip abduction and medial rotation.
10
Q
Fill in the blank: Weakness in the gluteus medius can lead to ______ gait.
A
Trendelenburg.
11
Q
Which muscle is most involved in climbing stairs?
A
Gluteus maximus.
12
Q
Multiple choice: Which muscle is NOT a part of the gluteal region? A) Gluteus maximus B) Gluteus medius C) Quadratus femoris D) Gluteus minimus
A
C) Quadratus femoris.
13
Q
What is the role of the gluteal muscles in athletic performance?
A
They provide power and stability for movements such as running, jumping, and squatting.
14
Q
True or False: The gluteus maximus is involved in lateral rotation of the hip.
A
True.
15
Q
What is the insertion point of the gluteus maximus?
A
the greater part of the muscle is inserted into the Iliotibial tract(3/4th) and the deep fibres of the lower part of the muscle is inserted into the gluteal tuberosity (1/4th)
16
Q
Fill in the blank: The gluteal muscles are primarily responsible for movements of the ______ joint.
A
hip.
17
Q
What is the significance of the gluteal muscles in the context of lower back pain?
A
Weakness or dysfunction in the gluteal muscles can contribute to lower back pain.
18
Q
Multiple choice: Which muscle is most active during hip extension while running? A) Gluteus medius B) Gluteus minimus C) Gluteus maximus D) Tensor fasciae latae
A
C) Gluteus maximus.
19
Q
What is the primary blood supply to the gluteal muscles?
A
Superior and inferior gluteal arteries.
20
Q
True or False: The gluteus medius is crucial for maintaining balance when standing on one leg.
A
True.
21
Q
What is the anatomical position of the gluteus minimus relative to the gluteus medius?
A
It is located beneath the gluteus medius.
22
Q
Fill in the blank: The gluteal muscles are part of the ______ group of muscles.
A
hip.
23
Q
What condition is characterized by weakness in the gluteus medius?
A
Trendelenburg sign.
24
Q
Multiple choice: Which exercise is best for strengthening the gluteus maximus? A) Squats B) Bicep curls C) Crunches D) Calf raises
A
A) Squats.
25
What role do gluteal muscles play in pelvic stability?
They help maintain proper alignment and stability of the pelvis during movement.
26
list the muscles of gluteal region
gluteus maximus
gluteous minimus
gluteous medias
piriformis
superior gemilli
inferior gemilli
obturator externus
obturator internus
quadratus femoris
tensor fascia lata- lies in lateral side of thigh just in front of gluteal region
27
the two buttocks are seperated from each other in posterior median line
natal cleft
28
what marks the lower limit of buttocks
gluteal fold
29
which bones do we sit on
ischial tuberosity- a bony prominance that can be felt by us medially
30
the highest point of illiac crest corresponds with
L3 and L4 intervals of the spine- site of lumbr puncture
31
what is the significance of psis
at the level of S2 spine opposite the middle of sacroilliac joint
32
what are the surface LANDMARKS OF THE GLUTEAL REGION?
1. buttocks- right and left seperated by natal cleft
2. gluteal folds- marks the lower limit ( this transveerse skin crease doesn't correspond with the lower limit of gluteus maximus which travels downwards obliquely and laterally
3. greater trochanter of femur-hollow side of hip bone, a hands bredth below tubercle of illiac crest
4. illiac crest
5. PSIS
6. Sacrum- lies posteriorly b/w the 2 hip bones, upper three sacral spines can be palpated in median plane, lower part of sacrum and coccyx lie on natal cleft
7. ischial tuberosity-
8. coccyx- slightly moblie under pressure, behind anus
9. sacrotuberous ligament- lies deep to the lower border of gluteus maximux, b/w saccrum and ischial tuberosity
33
can the sacrotuberous ligament be felt?
yes by applying firm pressure between the lower part of saccrum and ischial tuberosity
34
what is nelatons line?
imaginary line that join ASIS and Ischial tuberosity
crosses the ip of greater trochanter
35
what is coxa vera
reduced angle between head of femur and shaft ( less that 120 degree)
36
in what cases does the greater trochanter lie above nelatons line?
1. coxa vera
2. fracture in neck of femur
3. posterior dislocation of hip joint
37
what is bryant's triangle ?
it is an imaginary triangle formed by :-
1. horizontal line from ASIS
2. vertical line from tip of greater trochanter
3. and a line joining ASIS and Tip of gReater trochanter
38
what is supratrochantric shortening?
it is the shortening in the distance b/w the tip of greater trochanter the the pendicular lines in bryant's triangle
39
what are the reasons for supratrochantric shortening?
1. coxa vera
2. fracture in neck of femur
3. dislocation of hip joint
4. destruction of femure or acetabulum
40
few points on superficial fascia of the gluteal region
ladden with fat, more so in females
stringy and tough over ischial tubersity to provide sufficient cushioning in sitting posture
contains cutaneous vessels lymphs and nerves
41
the cutaneous nerves of gluteal region ______________ on the gluteal region
converge - from all directions
42
the upper anterior part of gluteal region is suppplied with which branches of cutaneous nerves ?
1. lateral branch of subcostal T12
2. lateral branch of iliohypogastric L1
43
the upper posterior part of gluteal region is suppplied with which branches of cutaneous nerves ?
posterior primary rami of spinal nerve L1-L3 and S1-S3
44
the lower anterior part of gluteal region is suppplied with which branches of cutaneous nerves ?
posterior division of lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh L2,L3
45
the lower posterior part of gluteal region is suppplied with which branches of cutaneous nerves ?
1. posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh S1-S3
2. perforating cutaneous nerve S2,S3
46
THE BLOOD SUPPLY OF SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE is derived from
superior and inferior gluteal artery which are branches of internal illiac artery
47
the lymhs of gluteal region drain into ?
lateral group of superficial inguinal lymph nodes
48
in what different manner does deep fascia cover gluteus maximus and medius?
it is opaque, pearly white, thick and dense over gluteus mdeius and transparent of gluteus maximus
49
deep fascia _______________________ the gluteus maximus muscle
splits and encloses
50
what are the attachments of sacrotuberous ligament
mediall argin of ischial tuberosity and posterior illiav spines
forms posteriolateral boundary of the pelvic outlet
51
what are the attachments of scarospinous ligament?
laterally to ischail spine
medially to sacrococcygeal junction
52
location of sacrospinous ligament
traingular band sitated deep in the sacrotuberous ligament
53
sacrospinous ligament is also known as
degenerate form of coccygeal muscle
54
gluteus maximus is an ?
anti-gravity muscle
55
chief extensor muscle of thigh at hip joint?
gluteus maximus
56
why is gluteus maximus an important muscle?
1. cheid extensor
2. important for rising from sitting position
3. essential for maintaining erect posture
4. supports both hip and knee joint
57
gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata work together to maintain/ stabilise?
stabilise the knee through the iliotibial tract
supports both hip and knee when these joints are slightly flexed
58
what is the most imporatnt action for gluteus medius and minimus?
to maintain balance and stability when the opposite foot is off the ground as in walking and running. thisbaclance is maintained by preventing the opposite side of the pelvis from tilting downwards under the influence of gravity
59
from where does the tendon of obturator internus leave the pelvis?
lesser sciatic formen
60
where and how does insertion of obturator internus take place?
as the tendon of obturator formin leave the pelvis , it makes a right angle from the lesser sciatic formen and move laterally to be inserted at the great trochanter of femur
61
where and how does insertion of obturator externus muscle take place
this muscle ends in a tendon
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tendon moves upwards and laterally
behind neclk of femur
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reaches the gluteal region
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insertion at trochantric fossa ( medial side of greater trochanter
62
structures situated deep to gluteus medius ?
(SDG-T)
1. superior gluteal nerve
2. deep branch of superiorgluteal artery
3. gluteus minimus
4. trochantric bursa of gluteus medius
63
structures situated deep to gluteus minimus?
reflected head of rectus femoris
capsule of hip joint
64
structures situated deep to gluteus maximus ? ( MUSCLES)
GGROOOP-IQ
1. gluteus mideus
2. gluteus minimus
3. reflected head of rectus femoris
4. obturator internus with the 2 gemelii
5. obturator externus
6. origin of 4 hamstrings
7. piriformis
8. insertion of pubic fibres of adductor magnus
9. quadratis femoris
65
vessels present under gluteus maximus?
SII-ACTT
1. superior gluteal artery
2. inferior gluteal artery
3. internal pudendal vessels
4. ascending limb of medial circumflex femoral artery
5. cruciate anastomosis
6. trochantric anastomoses
7. the first perforating artery
66
nerves present under gluteus maximiux?
SIS-PNPNP
1. superior gluteal nerve
2. inferior gluteal nerve
3. sciatic nerve
4. posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
4. nerve to quadratis femoris
5. pudendal nerve
6. nerve to obturator internus
7. perforating cutaneous nerve
67
origin of the 4 hamstrings is from?
ischial tuberosity
68
the first perforating artey in the gluteal region perforates?
luteus maximus
69
bones, joints and ligaments under the cover of gluteus maximus
bones-USII-C
1. upper end of femure with greater trochanter
2. saccrum
3. illium
4. ischium with ischial tuberosity
5. coccyx
joints:-
hip joint
sacroilliac joint
ligaments-SIS
1. sacrotuberous ligament
2. illiofemoral ligament
3. sacrospinoius ligament
70
the bursae present under the cover of gluteus maximus
BTB
1. bursa over ischial tuberosity
2. trochantric bursa of gluteus maximus
3. bursa b/w gluteus maximus and vastis latralis
71
what is the nerve suply of gluteus maximus
inferior gluteal nerve - L5 S1 S2
72
what is the nerve suply of gluteus medius
superior gluteal artery - L4, L5, S1
73
what is the nerve suply of gluteus minimus
superior gluteal nerve L4,L5 S1
74
what is the nerve suply of piriformis
ventral rami of S1,S2
75
what is the nerve suply of gemellus superior
nerveto obturator internis L5,S1,S2
76
what is the nerve suply of gemellus inferior
nerve to quadratis femoris L4,L5,S1
77
what is the nerve suply of obturator internis
nerve to obturator internis L5,S1,S2
78
what is the nerve suply of quadratis femoris
nerve to quadratis femoris L4,L5,S1
79
what is the nerve suply of obturator externis
posterior division of obturator nerve L2,L3,L4
80
what is the nerve suply of tensor fascia lata
superior gluteal nerve L4,L5,S1
81
superior gluteal nerve is a branch of ?
lumbosacral plexus ( L4,L5,S1)
82
from where does superior gluteal nerve enter gluteal region?
greater sciatic formen, runs b/w gluteus medius and minimus, above piriformis
83
which muscles does superior gluteal nerve supply ?
gluteus medius, gluteus minimus and tensor fascia latae
84
inferior gluteal nerve is a part of ?
sacral plexus
85
from where does inferior gluteal nerve enter?
greater sciatic foramen, below piriformis
86
which muscle does inferior gluteal muscle supply?
gluteus maximus, to whichit is fully committed
87
which is the thickest nerve in the body?
sciatic nerve
88
sciatic nerve is a branch of ?
it is the main continuation of sacral plexus
89
from where does sciatic nerve enter the gluteal region? trace its path
it enters from greater sciatic foramen
it travles below piriformis, in b/w the greater trochanter and ischial tuberosity and enter lower border of gluteus maximus
doesn't give any branches in gluteal region
90
posterior cutaneous nerve is a branch of?
sacral plexus
91
from where does posterior cutaneous nerve enter gluteal region?
greater sciatic foramen, below piriformis, runs below medial/ posterior to sciaic nerve, continues to back of thigh- immediatelly deep to deep fascia
92
posterior cutaneous nerve gives which branches ?
perineal and gluteal branch
93
path os perineal branch of posterior cutaneous nerve
crosses ischial tuberosity and enters urogenital triangle perineum and supplies to skin of scrotum/ labium majus
94
path of gluteal branch of posterior cutaneous nerve?
lower border of gluteus maximus and supplies to posterioinferior compartment of gluteal region
95
nerve to quadratis femoris
origin from sacral lexus
enter via greater sciatic notch
runs below piriformis, downward deep to sciatic nerve, obturator internus and gemellusi
suppelies quadratis femoris, gemellus inferior and hip joint
96
nerve to obturator internus
origin from sacral plexus
enters via greater sciatic foramen
crosses ischial spine, lateral to internal pudendal vessels to re-enter pelvis
supplies obturator internus and superior gemellus
97
pudendal nerve is part of ?
sacral plexus
98
why is only a small part of sciatic nerve seen in gluteal region?
cuz it enters vis greter sciatic foramen, crosses apex of sacrospinous ligament: medial to internal pudendal vessel, and then leaves gluteal region from lesser sciatic foramen
99
Origin of perforating cutaneous nerve branch?
sacral plexus
100
which part does perforating cutaneous nerve pierce/ perforate?
sacrotuberous ligament, winds round lower border of gluteus maximus
101
perforating cutaneous nerve supply?
posterioinferior quadrant of gluteal region
102
superior gluteal artery is a branch of?
posterior divison of internal illiac artery
103
from where does superior gluteal artery enter the pelvis?
greater sciatic foramen, above piriformis, along superior gluteal nerve
104
branches of superior gluteal artery g
divides into superficial and deep branches
superficial supplies to gluteus maximus
105
gluteus maximus is supplies by which artery?
superficial branch of superior gluteal artery
106
deep branch of superior gluteal artery divides into?
superior divison and inferior divison
107
what happens to inferior divison of deep branch of superior gluteal artery?
froms trochantric anastomoses
108
what happens to inferior divison of deep branch of superior gluteal artery?
froms trochantric anastomoses
109
what happens to superficial division of deep branch of superior gluteal artery?
travels between gluteus medius and inimus
ends at ASIS in spinous anastomoses
110
inferior gluteal artery is a branch of whichartery? trace its path.
branch of anterior division of internal illiac artery
enters via greater sciatic foramen
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below piriformis along with inferior gluteal nerve
111
wwhat are the branches of inferior gluteal artery?
1. cutaneous branches
2. muscular branches to gluteal muscles
3. articular branches to hip joint
4. anastomotic branches to cruciate and trochantric anastomoses
5. arteria nervi ischiadici
112
what is arteria nervi ischiadici?
artery to sciatic nerve,
represents axial artery to lower limb
coccygeal branch to supply area over coccyx
113
internal pudendal artery is a branch of?
anterior division of internal illiac artery
114
from where does internal pudendal artery enter the pelvis? trace its path
greater sciatic foramen
crosses ischial spine and leaves the gluteal region via lesser sciatic foramen
has a very short course
115
where is trochantric anastomosis located?
near trochantric fossa
116
chief source of arterial supply to head of femur is ?
trochantric anastomosis
117
trochantric anastomosis is formed by which branches/ arteries?
1. inferior division of deep branch of superior gluteal aretery
2. ascending branch of medial circumflex femoral artery
3. ascending branch of lateral circumfles femoral artery
4. inferior gluteal artery
118
cruciate anastomoses froms collateral circulation between branches of?? locations ?
external and internal illiac artery ( femoral artery ----> profunda femoris artery)
located in upper part of back of femur
119
which brances form cruciate anastomosis?
1. superiorly- inferior gluteal artery
2. inferiorly- ascending branch of 1st perforating artery
3. medially - transverse branch of medial circumflex femoral artery
4. laterally- transverse branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery
120
what are the structures passing through the gateway of gluteal region ( geater sciatic foramen)?
piriformis covers/fills almost the entire foramen area, so:-
structures passing above piriformis--> 1. superior gluteal nerve
2. superior gluteal vessels
structures passing below piriformis--> 1. pudendal nerve
2. internal puendal vessels
3. inferior gluteal vessels
4. inferior gluteal nerve
5. posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
6. sciatic nerve
7. nerve to obturator internus
8. nerve to quadratis femoris
121
what are the structures passing through lesser sciatic foramen?
1. pudendal nerve
2. internal pudendal vessels
3. nerve to obturator internis
4. tendon of obturator internis
PIN-T
122
what happens when gluteus maximus muscle becomes paralysed d/t muscular dystrophy?
person can't get up from a sitting position
123
where and why is the preferred site of intramuscluar injections in gluteal region?
in the upper lateral part of gluteus medius
to avoid injury to the lower underlying vessels and nerves
124
what is positive grower's sign?
that gluteal region is a very big area over illiac bones
125
trendelenburg's sign occurs d/t?
paralysis of gluteus medius and minimus
126
sciatic nerve block is done by ?
injecting anaesthetic to line joining midpoint of PSIS and upper head of greater trochanter
127
how does sciatic nerve compression occur?
sciatic nerve lies n the femur for a short disctance -----> b/w lower border of quadratis femoris and upper borfer of addcutor magnus
nerve could get compressed at this sight while sitting ----> sleeping foot
128
what is piriformis syndrome?
when sciatic nerve gets compressed by piriformis ----> pain in buttocks
129
gluteus maximus contains_________ fibers
red
130
sciatic nerve and its branches supply?
4 hamstrings
muscles of sole
muscles of compartment of leg
131
lesser sciatic foramen is gateway of?
perineal region
