Glucose Intolerance and Cholesterol Flashcards
what is diabetes mellitus
abnormal production or use of insulin from the pancreas
what are the two types of problems associated with diabetes mellitus
production problem - not enough beta cell production, or abnormal release
use problems - peripheral tissue receptor dysfunction (resistance), or abnormal hormones that influence insulin or blood glucose
what are the two types of diabetes mellitus
type 1 onset early requires insulin (deficient) production deficit
type 2 onset later less severe overweight tissue resistance
normal glucose tolerance is dependent on what
liver conversion to glycogen
high levels of glucose suppress what (glycogen)
what does epinephrine do
glycogen conversion to glucose
epinephrine causes glycogen conversion to glucose
glucagon is released during what
hypoglycemia
what increases glycogen levels
HOW
cortisol, cortisone
converts amino acids into glycogen which converts to glucose
gluconeogenesis is produced from what
fats and proteins
what are the symptoms of glucose intolerance
polydipsia, polyuria, ketonuria, acetone breath, neurological adrengergic, weight loss (classic)
what is whipples triad
responses to hypoglycemia
symptoms, low values, response to therapy
what should your cholesterol levels be
low risk, moderate, high
< 200
low risk - <200
moderate - 200-240
high risk - > 240
what should your LDL levels be
< 130
optimal - <100
above optimal - 100-129
borderline high - 130-159
high - 160-189
what should your HDL levels be
Males > 45
Females > 55
what should your TAG levels be
Males < 160
Females < 135
what is a small amount of ingested fats, but overtime they lead to serious consequences
what is the source
cholesterol
animal fat
risk of what increases or decreases significantly within the normal cholesterol value
as risk increases, what is needed to know
heart or vascular disease
need to know what type of cholesterol is present
what are the risk factors for increased LDLs
smoking
age - M>45 and F>55
BP > 140/90
family history of HD
what is LDL equation
LDL = total cholesterol - (HDL + (TRIG/5))
less than 40 for males and less than 50 for females HDL indicates what
increase risk of HD
above 60 for HDL is considered what
protective
cholesterol/HDL ratio should be
5 for males
4.4 for females
triglycerides come from what source
ingested fats
better known as chylomicrons
excess carbs CHO convert into __ by the liver
VLDLs
TG/HDL ratio should be
less than 3.5
