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BMS 102 > Glucose > Flashcards

Glucose Flashcards

1
Q

How is glycogen stored in muscle and liver cells of vertebrates

A

cystosolic granulaes

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2
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

the degradation of glycogen

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3
Q

what does glycogen breakdown yield?

A

G1P which can be converted to G6P for metabolism via glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

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4
Q

What is most of the G6P in the liver converted to?

A

it is converted to glucose and delivered to other cells such as the brain, enthrocytes and adipocytes

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5
Q

What does glycogen phosphorlase catalyze?

A

phosphorylysis which cleaves the bond by transferring an oxygen atom of phosphate

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6
Q

Where does the enzyme remove the residues from?

A

the non-reducing ends of the glycogen

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7
Q

What specific glucose molecules does glycogen phosphorylase act on? Where does it stop?

A

it acts on 1-4 linkages

4 residues from the branching point

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8
Q

What is GP?

A

It is a dimer of 2 identical lobed subunits

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9
Q

Where are catalytic sites?

A

they are in the clefts between the two domains of each subunit.

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10
Q

What is the difference between phosphorylase a and phosphorylase b?

A

a- is the more active form

b- the less active form. It is dephosphorylated

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11
Q

After glycogen phosphorylase is finished what is the product and what happens to it?

A

the result is limit dextrin, which is further degraded by the glycogen-debranching enzyme.

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12
Q

How many glucose residues does glucanotransferase relocate? The debranching enzyme catalyzes the removal of what linked glucose?

A

3

the alpha 1-6 linked

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13
Q

How many ATPs are yielded by each glucose molecule

A

3 ATP

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14
Q

How is G1P conversted to G6P?

A

phosphoglucomutase

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15
Q

What is the significance of G6P?

A

it is an intermediate of several cellular pathways

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16
Q

How much dietary glucose is converted to glycogen?

A

2/3

17
Q

How is cellular glucose converted to G6P?

A

Hexokinase

18
Q

What is a major regulatory step in glycogen synthesis?

A

Glycogen synthase

19
Q

What is the enzyme intermediate in the first step between G6P and G1P?`

A

phosphoglucomutase

20
Q

the second step in glycogen synthesis is G6P to UDP glucose. What is the enzyme intermediate?

A

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorlase

21
Q

What is the last enzyme used in the glycogen synthesis process when going from UDP-glucose to Glycogen?

A

glycogen synthase

22
Q

Which side of glycogen does glycogen synthase add glucose onto?

A

the non-reducing end

23
Q

What are the three hormones that regulate glycogen metabolism?

A

Insulin, glucagon and adrenaline

24
Q

What is muscle glycogen used for?

A

it is fuel for muscle contraction

25
Q

What is liver glycogen used for?

A

converted to glucose for the bloodstream transport to other tissues

26
Q

Where is insulin produced and when is it secreted?

A

it is created in the beta cells of the pancreas, and is secreted when the glucose levels of the blood are high because of the fed state)

27
Q

What does insulin do?

A

it increases the availability of the GLUT4 transporters on the cell surface for the cell to take up more glucose into muscle and adipose tissue.

28
Q

How does insulin stimulate glycogen synthesis in the liver?

A

-causes a depolarization of a specific site on glycogen synthase and affects the signaling pathway and the protein kinase cascade.

29
Q

Where is glucagon created and when is it secreted?

A

It is created in the beta cells of the pancreas. and is secrete when the blood indicates low levels of glucose present.

30
Q

What does glucagon stimulate?

A

It stimulates glycogen degradation to restore blood glucose to steady-state levels.

31
Q

What cells are the only ones rich in glucagon receptors

A

liver cells

32
Q

Where is adrenaline released from

A

released from the adrenal glands in response to the flight or fight mechanism

33
Q

What does adrenaline stimulate?

A

the breakdown of glycogen to G1P- which is later converted to G6P. the increases amount of g6P increases both the rate of glycolysis in the muscle and the glucose release into the blood stream.

34
Q

What two enzymes control glycogen metabolism in liver and muscle cells?

A

glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase

35
Q

True or false: when glycogen phosphorylase is active, glycogen synthase is also active.

A

false, when GP is active, GS will be inactive. They are reciprocally regulated.

36
Q

How does covalent regulation occur?

A

by phosphorylation (added a phosphate) and dephosphorylation (adding a OH group)

37
Q

Is the phosphorylated form of (active form) of GP inhibited by G6P?

A

yes

38
Q

Is the active form (dephosphorylated form) of GS inhibited G6P?

A

no, it is activated

BMS 102 (7 decks)

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