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BMS 102 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What is the principal role of carbs?

A

to provide energy

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2
Q

What are carbs made of?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen groups

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3
Q

True or False:the nature of covalent bonds linking monoscchriades into polysaccharides is much more varied than that of peptide bonds

A

True

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4
Q

What is maltose

A

glucose glucose

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5
Q

What is sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

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6
Q

What is lactose

A

glucose and galactose

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7
Q

What is the proper formula for a carb besides CHO?

A

CH2O

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8
Q

How are aldehydes or ketones referred to when in a sugar?

A

Aldose or ketose

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9
Q

How is fructose use in the cell?

A

converted to usable glucose derivatives

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10
Q

How are monosacchirdes referred to when speaking about the amount of carbons?

A

3; Triose

4: Tetros
5: pentose
6: hexose
7: heptose

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11
Q

What is glyceraldehyde?

A

3c-carbon aldotriose molecule

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12
Q

Dihydroxyacetone

A

this is a ketotriose. the ketone is in the middle and there are three carbons

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13
Q

enantiomer

A

non-superimposable mirror images

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14
Q

How is the D or L CONFIGURATION determined?

A

it depends on what side the final OH group is on- look farthest away from carbonyl

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15
Q

What if the rotation value is 0?

A

the molecule is optically inactive and there is a racemic mixture occring and it is designated as +/-

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16
Q

True or false: Fischer projections show sticks coming out of the central molecule

A

False: The projections show if the bond is coming forward or backward.

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17
Q

What is the difference between d-glucose and d-galactose?

A

The placement of the -OH is different in the molecule. They are c-4 epimers

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18
Q

What is a epimer?

A

pair of carbohydrates that differ in configuration at only one asymmetric center

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19
Q

What is a hemiacetal?

A

a molecule that has a central carbon with one -OH group, one -OR group, one R group and a H.

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20
Q

What is a hemiketal?

A

a molecule with two r groups, one -OH group and one -OR group

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21
Q

True or False: glucose and fructose are in open chain structures

A

False: they are usually in cyclic structures

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22
Q

Which carbons react with each other to create intramolecular hemiacetal?

A

C-1 aldehyde and the C-5- OH group

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23
Q

What is the 6-member ring called ?

A

pyranose

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24
Q

Which is the anomeric carbon?

A

It is carbon 1 or the carbon next to the O that has a oh and H group on it.

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25
Q

What is the cyclic form name of alpha d glucose?

A

d-glucopyranose

26
Q

What carbons react in a hemiketal to form a ring?

A

C-2 keto group reacts with the C-5 OH group

27
Q

What is the hemiketal referred to as?

A

fructofuranose

28
Q

What are Haworth Projections?

A

provides a 2-d structure of the ring

29
Q

What are the two classifications of cyclic ring structures?

A

Chair and boat

30
Q

What produces a color change when testing sugars?

A

the reducing of the carbohydrate

31
Q

Fehling’s solution

A

monosaccharides in solution change from blue to red (both aldehyde and ketone essentially)

32
Q

Benedict’s Reagent

A

blue-copper containing solution gives a very distinct brick red (copper II oxide)

33
Q

Tollen’s Reagent

A

creation of a ‘silver mirror’ on the inside of a test tube

34
Q

Which reagents produce a redox reaction because they are oxidizing reagents?

A

Fehlings, Benedicts, and Tollen’s

35
Q

What is formed when the aldehyde form of a carbohydrate joins with a amino group in a protein?

A

creation of an advanced glycation end product

36
Q

Are all mono and disaccharides (With the exception of glucose) reducing sugars?

A

Yes

37
Q

What can an aldehyde group be reduced to?

A

an alditol

38
Q

Why is NADH needed in the body?

A

it is needed as a coenzyme for aldose reductase to change glucose to sorbitol

39
Q

Where and how is excess glucose stored?

A

In muscle and liver and in the form of glycogen

40
Q

True or false: sorbital is NOT a epimer of glucose

A

False, it is an epimer of glucose

41
Q

What are the other names for fructose?

A

levulose or fruit sugar

42
Q

What reaction can fructose undergo?

A

The Maillard reaction

43
Q

What happens when fructose is malabsorbed?

A

the fructose builds up in the liver and can cause IBS

44
Q

What is inulin?

A

the form in which some plants store fructose

45
Q

How is galactose metabolized to glucose?

A

through the Leloir pathway

46
Q

Glucose is converted to galactose in the body how?

A

by hexogenesis

47
Q

What is galactosaemia

A

defects in galatose metabolism

48
Q

What linkage does Maltose have?

A

alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkage

Glucose- glucose

49
Q

What linkages does lactose have?

A

beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage

glucose and galactose

50
Q

What linkages does sucrose have?

A

alpha 1,2 glycosidic bonds between alpha d glucose and beta- d fructose. ( not on anomeric carbons)

51
Q

Is sucrose a reducing sugar?

A

no

52
Q

What are homopolysaccharides?

A

Sugars composed of a single type of sugar

53
Q

What are Heteropolysaccharides?

A

sugars made of more than two types of sugar units.

54
Q

What are the 5 features that define polysaccharides?

A
  1. Monomeric units making it up
  2. Sequence of sugar units
  3. Types of glycosidic binds linking monomeric units
  4. Approximate # of sugar units
  5. Degree of structural branching
55
Q

What are the two storage forms of polysaccharide?

A

amylose and amylopectin

56
Q

What is amylose?

A

a linear, unbranched chain of alpha-d glucose with 1,4 bonds. It contains a reducing and non-reducing end

57
Q

What kind of backbone does Amylopectin have?

A

a glucose backbone

58
Q

Is glycogen a highly branched molecule?

A

yes, it alpha 1,6 linkages

59
Q

What does glycogen have in common with amylopectin?

A

it has a single reducing end and numerous non-reducing ends

60
Q

How is glycogen hydrolysed?

A

by alpha amylase

61
Q

What is cellulose made up of

A

beta d- glucose

62
Q

What specific molecule is in Chitin?

A

N-acetylglucosamine linked by beta 1-4 linkage

BMS 102 (7 decks)

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