GLUCOSE

Question 1

principal and almost exclusive carbohydrate circulating in the blood

central, pivotal point of carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 1

Glucose

Question 2

the most important glucose consumer.

Answer 2

Brain

Question 3

CNS consumes about ____of glucose used by the body

Answer 3

50%

Question 4

Glucose can be derived from

Answer 4

1. Diet
2. From body stores like glycogen
3. Endogenous Synthesis from proteins or glycerol or TAGS

Question 5

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate energy

Decrease blood glucose since glucose is consumed to produce lactate/pyruvate

Answer 5

Glycolysis

Question 6

Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from non- carbohydrate sources

Increases blood glucose; new glucoses are formed from other sources

Answer 6

Gluconeogenesis

Question 7

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy

Increases glucose due to glycogen degradation

Answer 7

Glycogenolysis

Question 8

Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

Decreases glucose since excess glucoses in the
body is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle as
glycogen

Answer 8

Glycogenesis

Question 9

Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

Decreases glucose since carbohydrates are
converted into fatty acids and stored as fats

Answer 9

Lipogenesis

Question 10

Lipolysis

Answer 10

Breakdown of fats; fats are used as energy

Question 11

Hyperglycemic Hormones

Answer 11

Glucagon
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Growth Hormone
Thyroxine

Question 12

Hypoglycemic Hormone

Answer 12

Insulin

Question 13

Regulator hormone

Inhibits release of growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon

Answer 13

Somatostatin

Question 14

Standard Clinical Specimen

Answer 14

Fasting Blood
Plasma
Venous Blood

Question 15

Fasting blood sugar should be obtained after

Answer 15

8-10 hrs

Question 16

Venous blood has ______ glucose levels compared to arterial blood

Answer 16

Lower

Question 17

Capillary Blood has _______ glucose levels compared to venous blood

Answer 17

Higher

Rationale: Higher kay waray pa magamit or ma catabolize an glucose ha capillary blood compare to venous blood

Question 18

Whole blood gives approximately _______glucose levels than serum or plasma

Answer 18

10-15% Lower

Question 19

Whole blood glucose conversion into serum or plasma level

Answer 19

Multiply value by 1.15

Question 20

A serum specimen is appropriate for glucose analysis if serum is separated from the cells within

Answer 20

30-60 minutes

Question 21

Glucose is metabolized at room temperature at a rate of

Answer 21

7mg/dL /hr

Question 22

Breakdown of fats; fats are used as energy

Answer 22

2mg/dL /hr

Question 23

10% contamination with 5% dextrose will increase glucose by

Answer 23

500 mg/dL or more

Question 24

CSF glucose concentration is approximately______ that of plasma concentration

Answer 24

60-70 mg/dL or 60%

Question 25

Blood glucose should be obtained _______ before the spinal tap

Answer 25

1-2 hours

Question 26

CSF for glucose analysis should be performed

immediately. If delay in measurement is unavoidable, the sample must be centrifuged and stored at

Answer 26

4 C or at –20 C

Question 27

Glycemic factors such as glucagon are released when glucose levels reach

Answer 27

65-70mg/dL

Question 28

Observable signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia appear when glucose levels reach

Answer 28

50-55mg/dL

Question 29

Critical value for glucose is _________________;

excessively low glucose values can cause severe CNS dysfunction especially if blood glucose value drops to__________

Answer 29

40 mg/dL

20-30 mg/dL

Question 30

low blood glucose concentration, typical symptoms and symptoms alleviated by glucose administration

Answer 30

Whipple’s Triad

Question 31

Hyperglycemia Laboratory Findings

Answer 31

1. INCREASE glucose in plasma and urine
2. increase in urine specific gravity
3. Ketones in serum and urine
4. Decreased blood and urine pH (acidosis)
5. Electrolyte imbalance (decrease Na+ and HCO3+, increase K+)

Rationale:
1. Glucose Renal threshold of 160-180 mg/dL through reabsorption. In the presence of normal renal function, plasma glucose reaches a “period of plateau” around 300-500 mg/dL, that is glucose urinary excretion will match the overproduction, causing the plateau.

2. Serum osmolality is high; Na+ conc. tend to be lower due in part to losses/ polyuria and in part to a shift of water from cells.
3. Type 1 DM more likely to produce ketones.
4. Ketoacidosis resulting to pH imbalance results from dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and acidosis.
5. Decrease HCO3 and tCO2 due to kussmaul-kien respiration

Question 32

Increase in blood glucose concentration

Toxic to beta cell function and impairs insulin secretion

Causes:

• Stress,
• severe infection,
• dehydration or pregnancy,
• pancreatectomy,
• hemochromatosis,
• insulin deficiency or abnormal insulin receptor.

Answer 32

Hyperglycemia

Question 33

FBS LEVEL Hyperglycemia

Answer 33

FBS Level: >/= 126 mg/dL

Question 34

Group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin receptors or both.

Answer 34

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 35

Diagnostic plasma glucose concentration for DM

Answer 35

> /= 126 mg/dL on more than 1 testing

Question 36

Glucosuria occurs when the plasma glucose levels exceed________ with normal renal function

Answer 36

160-180mg/dL

Question 37

Ratio of B-hydroxybutyrate to acetoactate in severe DM

Answer 37

6:1