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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > AUTOMATION > Flashcards

AUTOMATION Flashcards

1
Q

Distance between two successive peaks

A

Wavelength

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2
Q

Visible spectrum

A

400-700nm

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3
Q

Ultraviolet

A

<400 nm

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4
Q

> 700 nm

A

Infrared region

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5
Q

Used to check wavelength accuracy

A

Didymium or Holmium oxide Filter

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6
Q

Verify absorbance accuracy

A

Neutral density filters and dichromate solution

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7
Q

Beer Lambert’s Law

A

A= abc = 2–log %T

A: molar absorptivity
B:length of light through the solution
C: concentration of absorbing molecules
T:transmittance

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8
Q

One-point calculation or calibration

A

Beer-Lambert’s Law

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9
Q

Measurement of light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration

A

Spectrophotometry

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10
Q

Provide Polychromatic light

A

Light/Radiant Source

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11
Q

Minimizes unwanted or stray

light; prevents entrance of scattered light

A

Entrance slit

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12
Q

Isolates specific or individual

wavelength of light

A

Monochromator

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13
Q

Controls the width of light beam

bandpass

A

Exit slit

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14
Q

Holds the solution whose

concentration is to be measured

A

Cuvet

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15
Q

Detects and converts transmitted

light into photoelectric energy

A

Photodetector

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16
Q

Displays output of the detection system

A

Meter/Read-out device

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17
Q

Simple type; designed to make one measurement at a time at one specified wavelength

A

Single beam spectrophotometer

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18
Q

Splits monochromatic light into two components: one beam passes through the sample and the other through a reference solution or blank

A

Double beam spectrophotometer

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19
Q

2 photodetectors

A

Double-beam in space

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20
Q

1 photodetector and 1 chopper or rotating sector mirror

A

Double beam in time

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21
Q

Excitation of electrons from lower to higher energy state

Measures light emitted by single atom burned in flame; measures excited ions (Na+ and K+)

A

Flame Emission Photometry

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22
Q

Element is not excited but merely dissociated from its chemical bond and placed in an unionized, unexcited ground state

Measures light absorbed by atoms dissociated by heat; measures unexcited trace metals (Ca2+ and Mg2+)

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

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23
Q

Metals measured by AAS

A

Ca2+ and Mg2+

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24
Q

Ions measured by Flame Emission Photometry

A

Na+ and K+

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25
Q

Unknown sample is made to react with known solution in the presence of an indicator

A

Titrimetric (Volumetric)

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26
Q

For chloride

A

Schales and schales

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27
Q

For Calcium

A

Edta titration

28
Q

Determines the amount of light blocked by a particulate matter in a turbid solution

Used in measuring proteins and bacterial suspensions

A

Turbidimetry

29
Q

Determines amount of scattered light by a particulate matter in a turbid solution

Used in measuring antigen-antibody complexes

A

Nephelometry

30
Q

Migration of charged particles in an electric field

Separates proteins on the basis of electrical charge

A

Electrophoresis

31
Q

Buffer used in electrophoresis

A

Veronal/Barbital (pH. 8.6)

32
Q

Measure absorbance of stain

Scans and quantifies electrophoretic pattern; measures concentration of dye and protein fraction

A

Densitometry

33
Q

Migration through pH gradient

Ideal for separating proteins of identical sizes but with different net charges;detects CSF oligoclonal banding

A

Isoelectric Focusing

34
Q

Created by adding acidic to anodic area and base to the cathode area

A

pH Gradient

35
Q

Separation of soluble components based on physical and chemical characteristics

A

Chromatography

36
Q

for naturally volatile compounds or easily converted to volatile form

A

Gas Chromatography

37
Q

based on fragmentation and ionization of molecules using a suitable energy source

A

Mass spectroscopy

38
Q

gold standard for drug testing

A

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy

39
Q

Detects 20 inborn errors of metabolism from a single blood spot

A

Tandem Mass Spectrscopy

40
Q

based on distribution of solutes between a liquid mobile

phase and a stationary phase

A

Liquid Chromatography

41
Q

used in rapid HbA1c testing

A

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

42
Q

used in detecting non-volatile substances; complementary to GC-MS

A

Liquid chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS)

43
Q

Determines the amount of light emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation

Uses 2 monochromators; measures amount of light intensity present over a zero background; affected by quenching

A

FLUOROMETRY/MOLECULAR LUMINESCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

44
Q

Chemical reaction yields electronically excited compound that emits light as it returns to its ground state

Emission of light is created from a chemical or electrochemical reaction; usually used in immunoassays

A

Chemiluminiscence

45
Q

Based on measuring changes in colligative properties of solutions

46
Q

Most commonly used method

A

Freezing-point Depression Osmometry

47
Q

Measurement of electrical potential due to free ion activity

Use:____

A

Potentiometry

pH and pCO2

48
Q

Measurement of electricity (Coulombs) at fixed potential

Use:

A

Coulometry

Use:Chloride Test

49
Q

Measurement of current flow produced by oxidation reaction

Use:

A

Amperometry

Use: pO2, Glucose chloride and peroxidase determination

50
Q

Measurement of differences in current at constant voltage

Used:

A

Polarography

Use: Specific for pO2 and glucose

51
Q

Measurement of current after which a potential is applied to an electromechanical cell

Use:

A

Voltametry

Use: Lead and iron testing (Anodic stripping voltametry

52
Q

Samples flow through a common reaction vessel;

uses a system of continuous tubing;

A

Continuous Flow Analyzer

53
Q

Continuous flow analyzer is used for

A

Parallel Testing

54
Q

Continuous flow analyzer mixing reagent of sample and reagent

A

Glass coil inserted into the flow path

55
Q

Uses acceleration and deceleration of rotor to transfer reagents and sample from one chamber to another;

A

Centrifugal Analyzer

56
Q

Centrifugal analyzer is used for

A

Batch analysis

57
Q

Centrifugal analyzer mixing of sample and reagent

A

Centrifugal force

58
Q

Uses syringe pipettes (positive-liquid displacement) to aspirate and dispense samples; most versatile and most popular;

A

Discrete Analyzer

59
Q

Discrete Analyzer is used for

A

Random access capability

60
Q

Discrete analyzer mixing of sample and reagent

A

Magnetic driven teflon stirring bar

61
Q

all samples are loaded at the same time and a single test is conducted on each sample

A

Batch testing

62
Q

more than one test is analyzed concurrently on a given clinical specimen

A

Parallel testing

63
Q

any test can be performed on any sample in any sequence

A

Random access testing

64
Q

multiple tests are analyzed one after another on a given specimen

A

Sequential testing

65
Q

a system other than the manufacturer’s reagents can be utilized for measurement

A

Open reagent testing

66
Q

a system where the operator can only use the manufacturer’s reagent

A

Closed reagent testing

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (3 decks)

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