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Biochem 2 Final > Gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone stimulates GNG?

A

Glucagon

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2
Q

What hormone inhibits GNG?

A

Insulin

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3
Q

What is used to make glucose during starvation and low levels of carbs?

A

Amino acids

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4
Q

What is used to make glucose during exercise?

A

Lactic acid and alanine

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5
Q

T/F: glycogen degradation happens prior to GNG

A

True

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6
Q

T/F: GNG is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

A

True

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7
Q

Why do RBC’s need glucose?

A

No mitochondria and no aerobic metabolism (no fat burning)

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8
Q

Glucose requirements for the brain in g/day and kcal

A

100, 400

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9
Q

90% of GNG happens in the…

A

Liver

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10
Q

What are the three irreversible reactions in glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase (glucokinase), Phosphofructokinase, Pyruvate kinase

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11
Q

What is the first obstacle in glycolysis?

A

Phophoenolpyruvate to pyruvate via Pyruvate Kinase

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12
Q

What is the 1st half of the 1st obstacle in glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate to Oxaloacetate via Pyruvate carboxylase (coE Biotin)

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13
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase is present in the mitochondria of … and …

A

liver and kidney

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14
Q

Where is pyruvate carboxylase found where it DOESN’T SYNTHESIZE GLUCOSE?

A

MUSCLE

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15
Q

Oxaloacetate needs to get to the cytosol via the…

A

malate shuttle

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16
Q

1st obstacle, 2nd half happens in the ___ and ___. If Lactate is precursor the reaction only happens in the ____

A

cytosol and mitochondria, mitochondria

17
Q

Enzyme and coenzyme for Oxaloacetate to Phosphoenolpyruvate

A

PEP carboxykinase, Mg2+

18
Q

T/F: ATP then GTP is required for 1st obstacle

A

True

19
Q

Lactate to Pyruvate in cytosol yields ____

A

NADH

20
Q

What is the enzyme for the 2nd obstacle?

A

PFK (F6P->F1,6BP)

21
Q

What enzyme and co-enzyme is used to overcome the second obstacle?

A

Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase, Mg2+

22
Q

What is the enzyme for the 3rd obstacle?

A

Glucokinase (Glucose -> glucose-6-phosphate)

23
Q

What is the enzyme and coenzyme used to overcome the 3rd obstacle?

A

glucose 6 phosphatase, Mg2+

24
Q

Does the muscle have glucose-6-phosphatase?

A

No. Muscle does NOT release glucose. The Liver releases glucose

25
Q

What are three key enzymes for glycolysis?

A

Glucokinase, PFK, Pyruvate kinase

26
Q

What are three key enzymes for GNG?

A

Glu-6-phosphatase, Fru-1,6-bisphosphatase, and Pyruvate carboxylase

27
Q

What are the energy costs in ATP, GTP, and NADH in turning Glucose to Pyruvate?

A

4, 2, 2

28
Q

What are the listed substrates for gluconeogenesis?

A

Glycerol, Lactic Acid, a-ketoacids (Pyruvate, OAA, A-ketoglutarate)

29
Q

Muscle releases Lactate and is transported to the liver to become…

A

glucose

30
Q

In the Cori cycle, what are the steps that happen in the muscle?

A

Glycogen -> glucose 6P -> pyruvate -> Krebs and lactate (released to liver)

31
Q

In the Cori Cycle what are the steps that happen in the liver?

A

Lactate ->[lactacte dehydrogenase]-> pyruvate -> glucose (released to muscle)

32
Q

a-ketoacids are the carbon skeleton of ____

A

amino acids

33
Q

What are the primary source of glucose for GNG during rest and fasting periods?

A

a-ketoacids

34
Q

What is the glucose-alanine cycle? What happens and where? BASICALLY

A

Muscle takes in glucose, releases alanine, Liver takes in alanine, releases glucose.

35
Q

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate stimulates ___ in the ___ and inhibits ___

A

Glycolysis, liver, GNG

36
Q

Glucagon stimulates GNG as well as ___ breakdown in the ____

A

glycogen, liver

37
Q

What are the three stimulators of GNG?

A

Glucagon, Acetyl CoA, Citrate

38
Q

What are the three inhibitors of GNG?

A

Glucose, Insulin, AMP, ADP, F-2,6-Bisphosphate

Biochem 2 Final (3 decks)

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