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CHEM 352 Exam 2 > Gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what types of bonds are formed between glucose to make glycogen

A

a-1,4-glycosidic and a-1,6 glycosidic linkages

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2
Q

enzymes associated with glycogenolysis

A

glycogen phosphorylase (PLP)*, phosphoglucomutase, 4a-glucanotransferase, amylo-1,6-glucosidase

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3
Q

what regulates glycogen phosphorylase?

A

AMP (+), ATP (-), glucagon (+), insulin (-), glucose (-)

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4
Q

what limits the formation of glucose in glycogenolysis

A

UDP-glucose

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5
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen

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6
Q

glycogenesis

A

formation of glycogen

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7
Q

what enzymes are associated with glycogenesis

A

UDP-glucose phosphorylase, glycogen synthase

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8
Q

what regulates glycogen synthase

A

glucagon (-), insulin (+), glucose (+), UDP-glucose phosphorylase (+)

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9
Q

what enzyme converts between glucose and glucose 6 phosphate

A

glucose 6 phosphatase

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10
Q

what is the transporter that moves glucose into the ER

A

GLUT7

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11
Q

which enzyme converts fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

A

fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

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12
Q

what regulates fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

A

AMP (-), F26bP (-)

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13
Q

where does glycerol 3 phosphate in the ER come from

A

triglycerols are broken down into glycerol and 3 fatty acids, which are made into glycerol 3 phosphate via glycerol kinase

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14
Q

what turns glycerol 3 phosphate into dihydroxyacetonephosphate

A

glycerol 3 phosphate DH, using either Q or NAD+ as the cofactor

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15
Q

how does pyruvate get into the mitochondria

A

a pyruvate transporter

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16
Q

where does the pyruvate in the cytosol come from

A

1) lactate is converted to pyruvate via liver LDH
2) amino acids (ex: Ala) are converted to pyruvate via transmaminase

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17
Q

what converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate

A

pyruvate carboxylase (biotin)

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18
Q

what is required for the reaction of pyruvate to oxaloacetate

A

bicarbonate and ATP

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19
Q

how is oxaloacetate converted into PEP

A

PEP carboxykinase

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20
Q

what is formed as a result of the reaction of oxaloacetate to PEP

A

GDP and CO2

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21
Q

how is oxaloacetate formed without pyruvate

A

odd chain fatty acids are converted to propionate and then oxaloacetate

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22
Q

what regulates pyruvate carboxylase

A

acetyl CoA (+)

23
Q

what is used/produced in the reaction of F16bP to F6P

A

H2O is used and Pi is produced

24
Q

what end of glycogen does glycogen phosphorylase (PLP) remove glucose from

A

nonreducing end

25
Q

what transporter moves glucose into the muscle or adipose tissue

A

GLUT4

26
Q

where is insulin produced

A

beta cells of the pancreas

27
Q

what are the two ways lactate can be made into glucose

A

1) pyruvate -> oxaloacetate -> aspaprtate ->…
2) pyruvate -> oxaloactetate -> PEP -> …

28
Q

what two molecules can glucose be synthesized from

A

lactate or pyruvate

29
Q

where is PEPCK found

A

mitochondria or cytosol

30
Q

where is pyruvate carboxylase found

A

mitochondria

31
Q

where is glucose 6 phosphatase found

A

ER membrane

32
Q

where are most gluconeogenesis enzymes found

A

cytosol

33
Q

how is glycerol used in gluconeogensis

A

converted to dihydroxyacetonephosphate via glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase with
1. NAD+ -> NADH
or
2. Q->QH2 in the intermembrane mitochondrial space

34
Q

what is the cori cycle

A
  • the interaction of glycolysis in the muscles and gluconeogenesis in the liver
  • glucose from the liver is given to the muscles, which turns it into lactate to be remade into glucose in the liver
35
Q

what is the intermediate of the conversion of glucose 6 phosphate to glucose via glucose 6 phosphatase

A

phosphoglucohistidine

36
Q

which hormone activates PFK2

A

insulin

37
Q

what catalyzes formation of F26bP

A

PFK2

38
Q

in which state is more F26bP made

A

fed (F26bP -> acetyl CoA -> TG)

39
Q

how does acetyl CoA activate pyruvate carboxylase

A

excess acetyl CoA accumulates from fatty acid oxidation, which indicates abundant energy and signals the production of oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis

40
Q

what are the intermediates of the pyruvate carboxylase rxn

A

carboxy phosphate, carboxybiotinyl enzyme, pyruvate enolate

41
Q

which enzyme converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate

A

pyruvate carboxylase (biotin)

42
Q

which enzymes are activated/deactivated in the insulin cascade event

A

activated: PFK2, protein phosphatase 1, glycogen synthase
deactivated: phosphorylase kinase, glycogen phosphorylase

43
Q

what hormone triggers the synthesis of glycogen

A

insulin

44
Q

which hormones trigger the breakdown of glycogen

A

epinepherine and glucagon

45
Q

what activates adenyl cyclase

A

Gprotein coupled receptor

46
Q

what makes cAMP

A

adenyl cyclase

47
Q

what activates protein kinase A

A

cAMP

48
Q

in the glucagon/epinepherine cascade event, which enzymes are activated/deactivated

A

activated: protein kinase A, phosphorylase kinase, glucagon phosphorylase
deactivated: glycogen synthase

49
Q

what is the intermediate of the glycogen pyrophosphorylase rxn

A

half chair oxonium ion

50
Q

which cells have the highest concentration of glucagon receptors

A

liver cells

51
Q

what regulates glucagon secretion

A

alpha pancreas cells

52
Q

what is the difference between glycogen phosphorylase A and B

A

phosphorylase A: active form (-OH)
phosphorylase B: inactive form (-PO3)

53
Q

what is a nonreducing end of a molecule

A

the ends of the molecule farthest from C1; contain acetal groups rather than a aldehyde or hemiacetal groups

54
Q

which type of linkages does glycogen phosphorylase work on

A

a-1,4-glycosidic linkages

CHEM 352 Exam 2 (3 decks)

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