Glossary terms - food fuels, energy systems, acute responses Flashcards
adenosine triphosphate
A high energy molecule stored in muscle cells and other parts of the body. It is the energy currency for biological work.
Adenosine diphosphate
Is a by-product that results when ATP breaks down and loses one of its phosphate groups located at the end of the molecule.
Creatine Phosphate
A chemical compound found in muscle cells that is capable of storing and releasing energy that can be used to resynthesise ATP from ATP and Pi
carbohydrates
Naturally occurring compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Glucose
Simplest form of carbohydrate and the basic ingredient for anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis
glycogen
Storage form of glucose found in the muscles and in larger quantities in the liver
Fats
Essential component of a balanced diet and should comprise about 20-25 % of daily food intake
Free Fatty Acids
Broken-down transportable form of fats
Triglycerides
Stored form of fats found in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
Protein
Allows for muscle growth and repair, fights disease, helps chemical reactions and transports materials
Amino acids
Building blocks of protein. Protein is broken down through the process of digestion into amino acids
ATP demand
How much ATP is required during an activity and the rate at which it is expended and, therefore, needs to be resynthesised
Rate
How quickly ATP is resynthesised
Yield
The total amount of ATP that is resynthesised during an exercise bout
ATP-PC system
Provides energy for the resynthesis of ATP through the breakdown of creatine phosphate without oxygen being involved
Fatigue
An exercise-induced reduction in the ability of muscles to produce force or power
Recovery
Overcoming or reversal of the fatigue experienced as the result of participation in a training session or some form of exercise bout, where body systems repair damaged tissue and replenish energy stores
Anaerobic glycolysis system
Provides energy for the resynthesis of ATP through the breakdown of glycogen through a series of chemical steps that do not require oxygen
metabolic by - product
Substance produced as a result of chemical reactions within the body associated with the production of energy for ATP resynthesis
Active recovery
Low-intensity (60-70% MHR) activity completed at the end of an exercise bout that allows the body to recover by maintaining an elevated blood flow to the muscles and preventing venous pooling, gradually returning the body to its resting physiological state
Aerobic system
Provides energy for the resynthesis of ATP through the breakdown of various energy fuels (mainly glycogen and triglycerides) through a series of chemical steps that require oxygen
glycolosis
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose
lipolosis
Breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol within muscle cells
mitochondria
Cell structures or organelles that can be viewed as the power generators of the cell, converting nutrients into ATP
Hitting the wall
Term used to describe the depletion of glycogen stores in the muscles and liver
Interplay of energy systems
Refers to energy systems working together, but at different rates, to supply the ATP required for an activity
Lactate inflection point (LIP)
Represents the highest intensity point where there is a balance between lactate production and removal from the blood
Acute responses
The body’s immediate, short-term responses that last only for the duration of the training or exercise session and for a short time period (recovery) afterwards
heart rate
Number of times the heart beats per minute
resting heart rate
Refers to the number of heartbeats per minute while the body is at rest
Maximum heart rate
The highest heart rate value achieved in an all-out effort to the point of exhaustion
Anticipatory response
When the heart rate rises above resting values just before the start of exercise
stroke volume
the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per heartbeat
vasodilation
The process whereby blood vessels increase their internal diameter as a response to an increased demand for oxygen delivery to muscle tissue
Cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
Blood pressure
The pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial walls as it is forced through the circulatory system by the action of the heart.
Systolic blood pressure
The blood pressure recorded as blood is ejected during the contraction phase of the heart cycle. It is the higher of the two blood-pressure values
Diastolic blood pressure
The blood pressure recorded during the relaxation phase of the heart cycle. It is the lower of the two blood-pressure values
vasoconstriction
The process where blood vessels narrow or constrict as a response to a decreased demand for oxygen delivery to muscle tissue
arteriovenous oxygen difference
A measure of the difference in the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood and the concentration of oxygen in the venous blood
respiratory rate
The number of breaths per minute
tidal volume
The amount of air breathed in and out in one breath
ventilation
The amount of air breathed in and out per minute by the lungs. Ventilation (V) = respiratory rate x tidal volume
Pulmonary diffusion
The process whereby oxygen is taken in via the lungs to the blood, and carbon dioxide is diffused from the blood to the lungs
oxygen uptake vo2
Amount of oxygen taken in, transported and utilised by the body for energy production
maximum oxygen uptake (vo2 max)
The maximum amount of oxygen taken in, transported and utilised by the body for energy production
Oxygen deficit
The state in which there is a shortfall between oxygen supply and demand
steady state
The state in which oxygen supply equals oxygen demand
excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery after the cessation of exercise bout that is over and above the amount usually required during rest
carbohydrate loading
A nutritional strategy in which muscle glycogen stores are maximised prior to endurance events
