ATP, Chemical and food fuels Flashcards
what is adenosine triphosphate? (ATP)
is the chemical energy of all body cells, including muscle cells. It is the energy that powers the mechanisms involved in muscular contractions which is obtained from the catabolism of ATP.
HOW LONG DOES THE ATP SYSTEM LAST AT MAXIMAL INTENSTIY?
1 -2 seconds at maximal exercise
Due to the majority of sporting events lasting longer that 2 seconds how is atp resynthesised and replenished in order to keep us going?
our bodys energy systems work together (known as interplay) with the responsibility of rebuilding ATP
what are the different energy systems
ATP -cp
anaerobic glycolosis
aerobic system
what types of fuels are used by these systems to rebuild atp?
food fuels and chemical fuels
what is the name of the chemical fuel used to rebuild ATP?
Creatine Phosphate
what is creatine phosphate?
is a chemical compound stored in limited quantities within the skeletal muscles.
what system utilises CP?
the ATP - CP system.
what is the atp-cp system
is an anaerobic energy system (does not require oxygen to break down ATP) used best for short, high-intensity maximal efforts?
it has a very high rate of ATP, which is readily available within the muscles therefore energy is able to be used by the muscles rapidly with short chemical reactions which is why it is the preferred energy system used for maximal efforts
the break down of atp-cp system working for 10 sec
ATP stores within the muscles only last 2 -3 seconds, therefore resynthesis of ATP relies on CP until those stores have been depleted.
CP depletion occurs after approximately 6 - 8 sec of high-intensity exercise.
Combined the atp-cp system can sustain high intense exercise for approximately 6 - 8 sec.
Limitations of the ATP-Cp system
major limitation is its capacity
compared to other systems, this system fatigues rapidly
can only be used as the main system for 6 - 10 sec
supplied the smallest yield of ATP during exercise.
Recovery of the ATP-PC system
PC stores are restored as soon as passive recovery starts.
PC is rapidly restored during the first couple min of EPOC when oxygen levels remain above resting levels.
during passive recovery
within 30 sec - 70% of atp and cp is restored
within 3 min 98% is restored
within 10min 100% is restored
carbohydrates - where are they stored and how
when carbohydrates are digested they are broken down into glucose for transportation via the circulatory system (blood) and then stored as glycogen in muscles and liver.
the breakdown of glycogen when used by muscles
glycogen stored in muscles: must be broken down into glucose in order for it to be used by the muscles.
glycogen stored in the liver: must first be broken down into glucose and then transported to the muscle via the bloodstream.
which system utilises carbohydrates?
anaerobic glycolysis system
features of the anerobic glycolosis system
anerobic - does not require oxygen to liberate energy, however involved more complex chemical reactions therefore having a greater rate of atp (approx 12 chemical reactions take place under this process) , reduction in muscaular power and exercise intensity.
when is the anerobic glycolosis sytem best suited for?
used as the main system once PC stores deplete by athletes competing in short, high intense ‘speed’ events such as a 400m sprint, 100m freestyle
may also be main energy supplier during repeated short high intensity efforts (such as repeated sprint efforts) where recovery period between efforts is too short to allow full replenishment of CP stores.
reovery for the anerobic glycolosis system
H+ ions are removed at a quicker rate during an active recovery (movement to a reduced intensity (50-60% of max HR) for a period of 5 -10 minutes targeting the same muscles used in the exercise session
why is active recovery used?
oxygen levels remain above resting levels for longer and this speeds up removal of the H+ ions
What is a muscle pump and how is it created?
a muscle pump is created when muscles squeeze blood vessels more oxygen is supplied to working muscles and wastes are removed at a quicker rate and the faster return of deoxygenated blood to the heart.
fats
an important food fuel used for sub-maximal exercise that lasts several hours.
fats are stored in much larger quantities (compared to CHO)
requires large amounts of oxygen to be broken down
primary fuel source when energy demands are low (rest - low intensity exercise)
how are fats stored?
as tryglycerides which are stored in the adi pose tissue
As for being stored in the aid pose tissue how are they utilised by the body?
must be broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids (FFAA) and then transported to the muscle via the bloodstream to be used.
what is the total amount of atp we can resynthesis with aerobic lipolysis?
30 - 32
when does aerobic lipolysis occur?
during low to moderate-intensity exercise (walking, light jogging, rest).
protein
is a food fuel that is released in the form of amino acids from the breakdown of muscle protein stores.
when is a protein used as the primary energy contributor for ATP resynthesis?
in extreme circumstances (starvation or ultra endurance events) when the body has severly depleated its CHO and fat supplies, protien can become a viable source of energy for the replenishment of ATP.
