Glossary Terms Flashcards
ABCD Model
Used for developing program objectives and includes A=audience (individuals influenced by the program objective), B=behavior (expected action or attitude), C=conditions (context or mode in which behavior will occur), and D=description (concrete performance criterion)
ABCDEs
An acronym used to explain the core beliefs of REBT
ABC-X model of Family Crisis and Stress
Acronym for the model created by Hill through observations of families experiencing separation and reunification during and after WWII: A-provoking stressor event; B-family resources; C-meaning attached to the stressor/event; D-the crisis, which is an acute state of family disequilibrium/immobilization
Ability Assessment
A broad category of assessment instruments that measure the cognitive domain. Assessment of ability includes tests that measure achievement
Ableism
The belief that individuals with disabilities are limited in what they can do and undervalues their abilities
ACA Code of Ethics
A set of guidelines established by the American Counseling Association (ACA) to guide the professional practice of counselors in order to ensure the welfare and safety of clients
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
A cognitive behavioral therapy that emphasizes acceptance and mindfulness processes. A central tenet is that maladaptive behaviors develop from clients’ attempts to avoid or suppress negative thoughts and feelings.
Accommodation
An individual perceives and interprets new information in a way that causes the restructuring of existing cognitive structures.
Accountability
From a program evaluation perspective, a process of providing feedback about a program to its stakeholders.
Accreditation
A process that eligible educational institutions and organizations can elect to undergo to demonstrate that the institution meets set standards.
Acculturation
A process by which groups of individuals from differing cultures exchange cultural attributes as a result of continuously close contact. Typically, the minority group’s adoption of the dominant culture’s beliefs, values, and language; however, the dominant group can also adopt minority cultural patterns.
Acculturative Stress
The cognitive and affective consequences associated with leaving one’s one country and entering a host country. Individuals with this have to adapt to the values, norms, and behaviors of a new culture and lose some of their cultural identity in the process.
Achievement Tests
Assess the knowledge and skills an individual has acquired in a particular area due to instruction or training experiences.
Acting “As If”
An adlerian counseling technique that encourages clients to act like they are the person they hope to be someday. This technique helps clients realize that they are capable of changing and being the person they want to be.
Action Research
Research carried out in an effort to improve practice or organizational efficiency. It is used as a means to test new approaches, theories, or ideas and reflect on one’s own teachings in an effort to enhance effectiveness.
Active Imagination
A Jungian technique that requires clients to actively talk to the characters in their dreams.
Active Listening
A counseling technique used in both individual and group therapy in which the counselor attends to the nonverbal and verbal behaviors of clients to show that the counselor is paying attention.
Active Theories
Developmental theories that portray people as active in regulating or governing their behavior.
Adaptation
According to Piaget, individuals must ——- their existing cognitive structures when new information is encountered. The ______ of cognitive structures occurs through two complementary processes known as assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation and accommodation assist an individual in reducing the disequilibrium that results from encountering new information, which challenges previously existing ways of thinking.
Adaptive Information Processing (AIP)
This theory holds that the brain is capable of adapting and learning from the events in our life. Pathology develops when this adaptive process has not occurred or has not been completed around a traumatic or stressful event.
Addiction
The psychological or physiological dependence on a substance or activity to maintain normal functioning. _______ is generally associated with increased tolerance and the experience of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is removed.
Alfred Adler
A Viennese psychologist who developed the theory of individual psychology. He was the first major figure to break away from Freudian psychoanalysis because he disagreed with Freud over the importance of sexuality in motivating human behavior.
Advisory Committeee
Used in program development and evaluation. Typically, the committee is composed of representatives from various stakeholder groups and varies widely in form and function.
Advocacy Counseling
Promotes the needs of clients, communities, and the counseling profession at the local, state, regional, and national levels.