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National Counselor Exam > Glossary Terms 2 > Flashcards

Glossary Terms 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Positivism

A

A philosophical paradigm that proposes an objective truth exists and can only be understood if directly observable.

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2
Q

Post Hoc Analysis

A

Allows examination of every possible pairing of group means for a particular independent variable after one has concluded that there are main effect in an ANOVA

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3
Q

Post-Positivism

A

A philosophical paradigm that proposes truth can only be approximated because of inherent errors present when measuring reality.

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4
Q

Poverty

A

The struggle to meet and maintain basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter

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5
Q

Power

A

(1) In a group context, having control over the resources the group values or desires. (2) In hypothesis testing, the likelihood of detecting a significant relationship between variables when one is really there

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6
Q

Power Negotiations

A

A form of conflict resolution that occurs when individuals vie to have the strongest influence on the outcome and may involve deceitful tactics like relaying false information and cheating.

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7
Q

Power Tests

A

Assessments that are designed to prevent test-takers from attaining perfect scores by including difficult test items that few individuals can answer correctly.

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8
Q

Practice Effects

A

The phenomenon of research participants knowing what to expect and learning something from a pretest that helps to improve their performance on future tests.

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9
Q

Preconscious Mind.

A

That Part of consciousness that combines characteristics of both the conscious and unconscious minds

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10
Q

Pre-experiemental Designs

A

A type of experimental design that does not use random assignment

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11
Q

Prejudice

A

Formulation of preconceived opinions or judgments about an individual or group without sufficient knowledge

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12
Q

Prescribing the Symptom

A

In strategic family counseling, the counselor tells clients to keep engaging in their troublesome behavior; by following the counselor’s advice, clients recognize that they are choosing to perpetuate the problem.

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13
Q

Pretend Technique

A

Encourages clients to simulate their symptoms in order to realize that they are able to exert some control over what they say and do, as well as over the outcome of the situation

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14
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

Reinforcers that satisfy a primary need

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15
Q

Privacy Policy

A

For HIPAA, guidelines dictating with whom protected health information may be shared

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16
Q

Privilege

A

The ability of an individual to receive benefits, which are not as readily available to others, as a result of his or her membership in a dominant group

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17
Q

Privileged Communication

A

A legal term that protects counselors from having to reveal information about a client during a legal proceeding.

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18
Q

Proactive Inhibition

A

A loss of memory that occurs when old information interferes with newly learned information

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19
Q

Probability sampling

A

A type of quantitative sampling that involves sampling a known population using randomization

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20
Q

Problem Externalization

A

A technique used in narrative therapy in which the counselor seeks to help clients distance themselves from their problems. Problems, in relation to clients, are seen as separate, outside entities.

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21
Q

Problem-Saturated Stories

A

A term used in narrative counseling to refer to self-narratives that are harmful and detrimental to client well-being

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22
Q

Process Evaluation

A

A type of program evaluation that focuses on the process of implementing the program to evaluate its progress at various points

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23
Q

Professional Associations

A

Counseling organizations that seek to further the counseling profession by uniting members through a shared identity, advocating on behalf of the profession, providing professional development opportunities, and offering access to counseling-related resources

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24
Q

Professional Counselor

A

A professional who works with individuals and families to overcome developmental and unexpected life changes in order to facilitate client wellness and personal growth.

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25
Q

Program Goals

A

Broad statements that indicate how the career intervention program will respond to population’s needs

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26
Q

Program Objectives

A

Specific, measurable, action-oriented steps that must be attained to accomplish a particular program goal.

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27
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

Demonstrating a concern for the welfare of others and acting in a way that benefits others

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28
Q

Protected Health Information (PHI)

A

Individually identifiable health information protected by HIPAA

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29
Q

Proxemics

A

The physical distance between people as they interact

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30
Q

Psychiatric Nursing

A

A specialization within the nursing profession that is concerned with the prevention and treatment of psychiatric disorders

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31
Q

Psychiatrist

A

Trained medical doctors licensed to treat clients with severe mental disorders. Unlike other mental health professionals, psychiatrists are able to prescribe medications, perform physical examinations, and order lab testing for clients

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32
Q

Psychoanalyst

A

Professionals trained to assist clients in resolving issues through psychoanalysis

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33
Q

Psychodrama

A

(1) An exercise used in Gestalt therapy that asks clients to act out their internal conflicts and related emotions in order to gain clarity on their unfinished business (2) An approach use din group therapy to bring about mental and emotional catharsis for the purpose of tension release

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34
Q

Psychodynamic Model

A

One of the earliest theories of family counseling, developed by Nathan Ackerman. This model was based on the key concepts of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and explore the role of anxiety, defense mechanisms, and unconscious conflicts and desires in the functioning of individuals and families.

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35
Q

Psychoeducational Groups

A

A group work model that emphasizes skill development through various nonthreatening skill-building exercises but at the same time encourages discussion, sharing, and feedback among members.

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36
Q

Psychological Aging

A

Categorization of aging based on one’s perception of personal age

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37
Q

Psychological First Aid (PFA)

A

A crisis response method that focuses first on meeting individuals’ survival needs, then on meeting their psychological needs, and finally on establishing support networks

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38
Q

Psychologist

A

A mental health professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating emotional disturbances, behavioral problems, and finally on establishing support networks.

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39
Q

Psychosexual Theory

A

Freud’s theory of personality development

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40
Q

Psychotherapy groups

A

Groups that are designed to treat those who may be experiencing severe or chronic problems in their lives.

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41
Q

Punctuation

A

The conviction by individuals that their verbal communication, especially during a conflict, occurs in reaction to someone else

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42
Q

Purposive Sampling

A

type of sampling used primarily in qualitative research to obtain information rich cases that allow for maximum depth and detail regarding a particular phenomenon

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43
Q

Pushbutton Technique

A

An Adlerian counseling technique used to teach clients that they play a role in maintaining their problems. specifically, clients are encouraged to focus on their positive feelings rather than negative.

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44
Q

p value

A

The likelihood of obtaining a result at least as extreme as the one observed assuming the null hypothesis is true

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45
Q

Qualitative Research

A

A type of research that is concerned with how behavior occurs, uses data that is represented in words rather than numbers, and usually takes the form of interview transcripts, field notes, pictures, video, or artifacts.

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46
Q

Quantitative Research

A

A type of research that focuses on capturing the relationship between two variables that can be measured numerically.

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47
Q

Quasi-experiemntal Designs

A

A type of experimental design used when it is impossible or inappropriate to randomly assign participants to group.

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48
Q

Questioning

A

(1) A basic counseling skill in which counselors ask open-ended and closed-ended questions to obtain further information from clients, often for clarification or to encourage deeper exploration of topics (2) An individuals curiosity about his or her sexual orientation

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49
Q

Quid Pro Quo

A

The propensity of individuals to treat others as they are treated.

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50
Q

Race

A

A social and political classification that identifies individuals by distinguishing physical characteristics such as skin color, facial features, hair texture, or eye shape

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51
Q

Racial Identity

A

A sense of belongingness and communality that is derived from one’s identification with one or more racial groups

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52
Q

Racial Interaction Theory

A

Developed by Helms, this theory conceptualized how whites and POC, at various racial identity development statuses, might interact and if those interactions would be maladaptive

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53
Q

Racism

A

Involves the belief that a group of people are inferior to one’s own group due to recognized or perceived differences in physical characteristics.

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54
Q

Rand Assignment

A

Involves assigning participants to different groups, such as a treatment or control group, to ensure that groups are equal and that any systematic group differences are due to change

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55
Q

Random Selection

A

Involves selecting participants from a population so that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

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56
Q

Range

A

The most basic indicator of variability, computed by subtracting the largest value from the smallest value

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57
Q

Rating Scales

A

Used to evaluate the quantity of an attribute

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58
Q

REBT

A

A counseling theory developed by Albert Ellis, which addressees the relationship between thinking and emotion

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59
Q

Rational Emotive Imagery

A

A technique used in REBT to assist clients in disputing hteir irrational beliefs. Clients are asked to imagine their worst fears and to stay with the difficult, painful emotions that surface.

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60
Q

Ratio Scale

A

A scale that possess the qualities of nominal ordinal and interval scales and has an absolute zero point

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61
Q

Raw Score

A

A score that has not been converted into a derived score

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62
Q

Reactive Theories

A

Theories of human development that propose that people are passive and react to environmental stimuli to accommodate to changes

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63
Q

Readiness Tests

A

A group of criterion-referenced achievement assessments that indicate the minimum level of skills needed to move from one grade level to the next

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64
Q

Reality Distortion

A

Occurs when a therapeutic group provides an example of social reality that is not achievable in the outside world

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65
Q

Reality Therapy

A

A type of therapy, based on choice theory whose basic premise is that people make choices in order to meet their five basic needs

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66
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition

A

A principle developed by Joseph Wolpe that assumes a person cannot engage in two mutually exclusive events simultaneously. _____ is used in systematic desensitization.

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67
Q

Reciprocity

A

Allows a counselor who is licensed in one state to work in another state without having to reapply for licensure or fulfill additional requirements.

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68
Q

Recognition

A

One of the four stages in the spiritual identity development model

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69
Q

Recycling

A

A term used by Donald Super to refer to the idea that an individual can re-enter a developmental stage they have been through before

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70
Q

Redundancy Principle

A

A family’s tendency to interact with each other in the same way.

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71
Q

Reflecting

A

A basic counseling skill that involves verbal responses to clients that indicate that the professional counselor understands their emotions, thoughts, or the meaning behind their disclosures

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72
Q

Reframing

A

A strategic family therapy technique that involves interpreting a family’s situation in a new way to encourage family members to view their problem in a more favorable light

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73
Q

Rehabilitation Act of 1973

A

Prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in federally sponsored programs

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74
Q

Reinforcement Schedules

A

Dictate when and how often a behavior is reinforced

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75
Q

Reinforcers

A

In operation conditioning, stimuli that increase the likelihood a behavior will reoccur

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76
Q

Relabeling/Reframing

A

A strategic family therapy technique that involves interpreting a family’s situation in a new way to encourage family members to view their problem in a more favorable light.

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77
Q

Relational Approaches

A

Propose that relationships play an important role int he career development and decision-making processes of children and adolescents

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78
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of scores attained by the same person on different administrations of the same test

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79
Q

Reliability Coefficient

A

A measure of reliability of a set of scores on a test

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80
Q

Religion

A

The institutionalized expression of an organized set of beliefs and ritualized practices that guide a person or group’s understanding of reality

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81
Q

Replacement Needs

A

Occur in the labor market when worker are needed to replace those who have left the workforce due to retirement, returning to school, assuming household and child-raising duties, or choosing not to work.

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82
Q

Research Hypothesis

A

A testable, concise statement involving the expected relationship between two or more variables

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83
Q

Research Question

A

A statement that identifies what a research study hopes to examine

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84
Q

Resilience

A

An individual’s ability to adapt to negative life conditions or spring back form adverse situations in order to return to a positive level of functioning

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85
Q

Resiliency Factors

A

Assist an individual in overcoming risk factors and maintaining positive functioning in spite of adverse circumstances

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86
Q

Response Cost

A

A behavioral technique that reduces undesirable behaviors by removing a positive reinforcement

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87
Q

Responsibilities of Users of Standardized Tests (RUST)

A

A policy statemtn published by the Association for Assessment in Counseling and Education (AACE) to ensure counselors use standardized tests with clients in an accurate, fair, and responsible manner

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88
Q

Restructuring

A

An intervention that involves actively working to change the structure of a family system

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89
Q

Retrieval theory

A

Asserts that information is held permanently in long term storage and that forgetting is the result of insufficient cues that fail to retrieve the information

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90
Q

Retroactive Inhibition

A

A loss of memory that occurs when new information interferes with information previously learned

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91
Q

Reverse Role-Playing

A

A technique used in REBT to help clients dispute their irrational beliefs

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92
Q

Rights negotiations

A

A form of conflict resolution that involves the legality of what is right and uses norms, policies, and rules

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93
Q

Risk factors

A

Include characteristics that place individuals at high risk of developing mental disorders, academic problems, or personal-social difficulties

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94
Q

Ritual Prescriptions

A

Paradoxical assignments that indicate certain actions to be taken on specific days and times by particular family members. The goal of rituals is to help families try new ways of behaving and interacting.

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95
Q

Carl Rogers

A

An American psychologist who founded the client-centered approach to counseling

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96
Q

Role

A

Broadly refers to a set of interconnected behaviors, rights, and obligations that are associated with a particular social situation

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97
Q

Role Ambiguity

A

Occurs when a group member is not sure of the role expectations or behavior requirements they should fulfill

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98
Q

Role Conflict

A

Occurs when group members experience conflicting demands of various roles such as when a member who prefers to avoid emotional expression is encouraged to self-disclose reactions to emotionally lade group content and process; that is, the roles a member plays come into conflict with each other

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99
Q

Role Differentiation

A

In group counseling, the process of group members adopting different roles within the group

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100
Q

Role Playing

A

A behavioral technique used in counseling in which the counselor demonstrates specific skills and applications

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101
Q

Role Salience

A

The importance individuals assign to each life role throughout their lifetime

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102
Q

Rules

A

A term used in general systems theory to refer to the unique family rules every family establishes and expects its members to abide by.

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103
Q

Sarcasm

A

An attempt to mask and not express anger

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104
Q

Satisfaction

A

In the theory of work adjustment, an employee’s contentment with the work environment.

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105
Q

Satisfactoriness

A

In the theory of work adjustment, the employer’s satisfaction with an individual’s job performance.

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106
Q

Virginia Satir

A

An American psychotherapist who believed in the innate goodness of humans, their desire to grow and learn, and their ability to change.She identified four types of dysfunctional family communication patterns.

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107
Q

Saturation

A

In qualitative research, data collection reaching a point of redundancy – that is, the point where no new data refute findings of previously collected data.

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108
Q

Saving Face

A

A cultural value commonly endorsed by Asian Americans whereby an individual’s behaviors are seen as being reflective of the family and thus one should protect the honor of the family

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109
Q

Scale

A

A collection of items or questions that combine to form a composite score on a single variable

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110
Q

Scaling Questions

A

A technique used in narrative therapy and SFBT that asks clients to approximate their progress

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111
Q

Schema

A

A mental structure that processes or integrates experiences, information, or perceptions

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112
Q

Schlossberg’s Transition Theory

A

proposes four different types of transitions that can occur throughout an individual’s life: anticipated, unanticipated, chronic hassles, and nonevents. Maintains that an individual’s willingness and ability to deal with transitions depends on the situation, self, support, and strategies

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113
Q

School-to-Work Act of 1994

A

Provides all students with equal opportunities to participate in programs that combine academic and occupational education, combine school-based learning with work based learning, and prepare students for postsecondary education

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114
Q

Screening and Selection Measures

A

Help leaders assess potential member attitudes toward groups, assess prosocial attitudes and problematic group member interpersonal behaviors, and select group members

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115
Q

Scriptotherapy

A

A cognitive technique, commonly referred to as therapeutic writing, through which clients are asked to write down their thoughts for clarity and self reflection

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116
Q

Secondary Reinforcers

A

Reinforcers associated with a primary need (e.g., a token that can be traded in for food)

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117
Q

Seek Unique Outcomes

A

A technique used in SFBT that asks clients to identify times when their problems were not present or were less pronounced

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118
Q

Self-Categorization

A

An important piece of social identity theory, in which the self is seen as an object to be classified into membership in a social group that gives worth to the person

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119
Q

Self-Disclosure

A

a counseling skill that involves sharing personal information with clients to help connect with the client, give feedback, or provide the client with alternative perspectives or ideas

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120
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

term developed by Albert Bandura that refers to an individual’s confidence in his or her ability to perform a given behavior or accomplish a given task

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121
Q

Self-Instructional Training

A

A technique used in cognitive-behavior modification to teach clients how to alter their maladaptive thoughts and behavior in order to replace negative self-talk with self-enhancing cognitions

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122
Q

Self-Narratives

A

IN narrative therapy, the stories clients construct about themselves and their lives

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123
Q

Self-psychology

A

A neo-Freudian approach developed by Heinz Kohut that asserts psychological disorders result from unsatisfied developmental needs

124
Q

Self Talk

A

the internal messages people give themselves

125
Q

Semantic Differential

A

A scaling technique rooted in the belief that people think dichotomously and commonly includes the statement of an affective question followed by a scale that asks test-takers to place a mark between two dichotomous adjectives

126
Q

Semi-Structured Interviews

A

Interviews that use pre established questions and topic areas; however, the professional counselor can customize the interview by modifying questions, altering the interview sequence, or adding follow-up questions.

127
Q

Sensory Memory

A

The ability to retain environmental stimuli detected by sensory receptors

128
Q

Separation

A

A legal process that allows couples to remain legally married while living separate lives

129
Q

separation Anxiety

A

Occurs developmentally in most infants, ages 12 to 24 months, and involves extreme distress when they are separated from a primary caregiver

130
Q

Separation Model

A

A model of acculturation in which individuals refuse to adapt to cultural values outside of their own cultural values

131
Q

Setting Tone

A

The group leader setting a style of interaction for group members to follow

132
Q

Sex

A

an individual is biologically make or female as determined by hormones, genetics, and physical makeup

133
Q

Sex Chromosomal Diseases

A

Genetic disorders that involves some genetic anomaly occurring on the sex-determining pair of chromosomes and usually affecting male or female characteristic displays or sexual reproduction

134
Q

Sexism

A

The oppression of individuals on the basis of their gender, and in particular the belief that males are the superior gender and thus more competent and deserving of power

135
Q

Sex Role

A

abilities derived from an individual’s biological makeup and physiological functioning

136
Q

Sexual Abuse

A

Occurs when any adult in a position of power engages in sexual activity with a minor

137
Q

Sexual Exploitation

A

Forcing a child into prostitution or pornography

138
Q

Sexual Identity

A

Encompasses physical identity, gender identity, social sex role identity, and sexual orientation identity.

139
Q

Sexual Minority Individuals

A

LGBTQIA individuals

140
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

An individual’s consistent attachment and sexual atraction to members of the same, opposite, or both genders

141
Q

Shame Attack Exercise

A

A technique used in REBT that involves asking clients to participate in an activity that normally creates anxiety in order to help them realize that the outcomes are not nearly as embarrassing or devastating as they imagine

142
Q

Shaping

A

Gradually changing an individual’s existing behavior by reinforcing responses that are similar to the desired response.

143
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

A temporary information storage system that allows information to be retained for seconds to minutes.

144
Q

Significance Level

A

A threshold used for rejecting the null hypothesis in hypothesis testing

145
Q

Single-Subject Research Designs (SSRD)

A

Used to measure how either receiving treatment or not receiving treatment affects a single subject or a group of subjects who can be treated as a single unit

146
Q

Situational Poverty

A

Occurs when lack of resources is due to an extenuating circumstance

147
Q

Skeleton Keys

A

Using techniques that have worked before and, as a result, may work in a variety of different contexts and situations

148
Q

Skewness

A

An asymmetrical distribution in which the data points do not cluster systematically around a mean

149
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Developed the theory of operant conditioning

150
Q

Slander

A

Defamation through a spoken statement

151
Q

SLAP

A

A helpful acronym to remind counselors of the major areas covered during a suicide risk assessment

152
Q

S.R. Slavson

A

Founder of the American Group Psychotherapy Association. He also provided group therapy to children and concluded that it was as effective as individual counseling

153
Q

Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)

A

Theory that maintains that one’s belief in one’s own ability to complete tasks and accomplish goals plays a significant role in vocational interests and potential career choices

154
Q

Social Constructionism

A

A theory that refers to an individual making meaning of knowledge within a social context

155
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

Theory, rooted in social psychology, created to understand discrimination within groups

156
Q

Social Influence Model

A

Model formulated by Stanley Strong on the basis of social psychology in the 1960s; asserts that if counselors are viewed as having expertise and being attractive, they will have greater influence on the client

157
Q

Social Justice

A

The belief in an equitable world for all individuals and the corresponding goal of promoting fairness by addressing privilege and oppression

158
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Developed by Albert Bandura; based on the notion that learning occurs through observation, imitation, and modeling

159
Q

Social Worker

A

A professional who works to address and alleviate social injustice

160
Q

Societal Regression

A

Occurs when a society that is experiencing too much stress regresses in its level of differentiation

161
Q

Sociodramatic Play

A

Maintains that play is an imitation of adult tasks, facilitating mature social interactions between children

162
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A

The hierarchical distinctions between cultural groups in society

163
Q

Sociogram

A

A graphical representation of group member interaction patterns that are used to display member relationships and educate group members about the intricacies of group dynamics.

164
Q

Sociometric Test

A

A study of actual behavior

165
Q

Sociometry

A

Gauges the extent of relationship among people r groups, or how people relate to one another, via a sociogram, which is a scientific, visual way to analyze and display these relationships

166
Q

SFBT

A

a counseling theory developed by Steve de Shazer that is based on the assumption that all people possess the ability and resources to solve their problems

167
Q

soul

A

The quintessential nature of a person

168
Q

Speed Tests

A

Assessments that are designed to prevent test-takers from attaining perfect scores by including too many items to answer in the allotted time

169
Q

Spiritual Bypass

A

the misuse of spiritual beliefs and practices to avoid addressing problematic psychological, physical, emotional, cognitive, relational, or behavioral issues

170
Q

Spiritual Identity

A

The degree of connection individuals have with their spiritual force

171
Q

Spirituality

A

A process that involves the continual search for meaning and depends one’s connection to the inner self, others, and the world

172
Q

Spitting in the Client’s Soup

A

An Adlerian counseling technique used to point out certain client behaviors so that the behavior no longer seems as desirable to the client

173
Q

Split-Plot Design

A

A general category of experimental research designs that involve assessing a general intervention on the whole plot and assessing other treatments to subplots within the whole plot

174
Q

Splitting

A

A psychoanalytic term in which object representations are viewed dichotomously

175
Q

spontaneous content Groups

A

Groups that do not have planned content themes and are designed to provide personal growth and support

176
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

In classical conditioning, this occurs when the previously weakened CS/CR connection is re-established very quickly causing the CR to re-emerge

177
Q

Spurious Correlation

A

Occurs when a correlation overrepresents or under represents the actual relationship

178
Q

Stags of Change

A

A model that conceptualizes the client change process as a series of six progressive stages that develop over time

179
Q

Structural Violence

A

The marginalization of individuals, intentionally or unintentionally, by political, economic, and social institutions

180
Q

Stakeholders

A

Any individuals involved in or affected by the program

181
Q

Standard Deviation

A

The most frequently reported indicator of variability for interval or ratio data

182
Q

Standard Error of Estimate

A

A statistic that indicates the expected margin of error in a predicted criterion score due to the imperfect validity of the test

183
Q

Standard Error of Measurement

A

A statistic that indicates how scores from repeated administrations of the same instrument to the same individual are distributed around the true score

184
Q

Standardization

A

The process of converting raw scores to standard scores by finding the typical score attained by a group of test-takers and comparing future scores to the typical score

185
Q

Standardized Scores

A

Compare individual scores to a norm group through the use of formulas that convert the raw score to a new score

186
Q

Standardized Tests

A

A type of assessment that is designed to ensure the conditions for administration, test content, scoring procedures, and interpretations are consistent

187
Q

Standard Occupational Classification System

A

The classification system used by the O*NET to classify occupations; uses a six-digit code to classify occupations into four levels

188
Q

Stanine

A

A type of standard score that divides the normal distribution into nine intervals with a mean of 5 and an SD of 2

189
Q

Statistical Significance

A

The cutoff point; any value that exceeds the cutoff point will be noted as statistically significant.

190
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

In classical conditioning, the absence of the CR when a new stimulus that resembles the original CS is presented.

191
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

In classical conditioning, the tendency for the CS/CR connection to be generalized to other stimuli similar to the original CS

192
Q

Strategic Family Therapy

A

Developed by Milton Erickson, this approach emphasizes altering behavior and resolving presenting symptoms rather than helping clients gain insight and personal awareness

193
Q

Strengths-Based Perspective

A

A multicultural counseling approach that focuses on honing in and building on client strengths and successes to initiate change

194
Q

Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)

A

A process that combines cognitive and behavioral techniques in order to help clients learn how to cope with stress. Clients then begin using these new techniques while imagining stressful situations and are eventually asked to apply them to real-life situations that trigger stress.

195
Q

Structural Classism

A

A form of classism that maintains the current status quo or arrangement of classes

196
Q

Structural Family Counseling

A

developed by Salvador Minuchin, this approach is concerned with examining and changing the structure and organization of families, including their hierarchies and subsystems

197
Q

Structural maps

A

visual representations of a family’s coalitions, alignments, boundaries, and conflicts

198
Q

Structure

A

How a family organizes itself

199
Q

Structured Interview

A

Interviews that use a series of prestablished questions that cover broad topic areas and are presented in an invariable sequential order during each interview

200
Q

Subjective Tests

A

Tests that include open-ended questions having more than one correct answer

201
Q

Subpoena

A

A legal document that commands a person to appear in court to serve as a witness or provide the court with certain documents

202
Q

Subsystems

A

Distinct and somewhat independent parts of al arger system

203
Q

Suicide

A

the intentional or unintentional taking of one’s onwn life

204
Q

Suicide Assessment

A

Determining a client’s potential for committing suicide

205
Q

suicide Lethality

A

the likelihood that a client will die as a result of suicidal thoughts and behaviors

206
Q

summarizing

A

A basic counseling skill that involves condensing the important aspects discussed over a substantial period of time into a succint synopsis

207
Q

Summative Evaluation

A

involves the assessment of an entire program to determine the degree to which program goals and objectives have been met

208
Q

Sum of squares

A

the sum of the squared deviation scores, computed by subtracting the mean from each data point, squaring each deviation score, and adding them together

209
Q

Donald Super

A

One of the first career theorist to develop a lifespan developmental approach to career counseling. he also proposed a career rainbow that repressed the many roles an individual has throughout life.

210
Q

Superego

A

In psychoanalysis, the conscience part of an individual’s personality

211
Q

Superiority Complex

A

In some individuals, overcompensation for feelings of inferiority

212
Q

Survey Batteries

A

A collection of tests that measure individuals’ knowledge across multiple subject areas and, as a result, do not assess any one subject in great depth

213
Q

Survey Research

A

A method of collecting quantitative data, in which a research selects a sample of participants and administers a series of questions to them

214
Q

Symbolic-Expperiential Family Therapy

A

A family therapy approach developed by Carl Whitaker to help families strike a balance between independence and togetherness and to learn how to interact with each other in a meaningful and natural way, while moving away from the tendency to behave in the same monotonous patterns that led to the dysfunction

215
Q

Symmetrical Relationships

A

Relationships in a family between equals. These types of relationships may become competitive because there is not a dominant member

216
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

A technique developed by Joseph Wolpe to treat phobias.

217
Q

Task Groups

A

Groups designed around and focused on accomplishing a specific task in an efficient and effective manner.

218
Q

Tavistok Institute

A

An organization that promotes interdisciplinary training in group dynamics and leadership coaching for businesses

219
Q

Tenure

A

iN the theory of work adjustment, how long an individual will work with a company

220
Q

Termination Stage

A

The final stage in group development, which is characterized by closure of group process and the relationships members have established throughout the group experience

221
Q

Test

A

A subset of assessment used to yield data regarding an examinee’s responses to test items

222
Q

Test adaptation

A

The process of altering a test for a population that differs significantly from the original test population in terms of cultural background and language

223
Q

Test Bias

A

Occurs when the properties of a test cause an individual or particular group of individuals to score higher or lower on the test than the average score for the total population

224
Q

Test Critiques

A

An informational resource designed to be a companion text to the Tests. Each entry in _______ contains an overview of the assessment, practical applications, and information regarding the instrument’s reliability and validity.

225
Q

Test Theory

A

Assumes that test constructs, in order to be considered empirical, must be measurable for quality and quantity; consequently, __________ strives to reduce test error and enhance construct reliability and validity

226
Q

Test Translation

A

A process of reducing cultural bias in testing by translating test items into the language spoken by examinees

227
Q

Tests

A

An assessment resource that contains information on thousands of assessment instruments in the psychology, education, and business industries

228
Q

Tests in Print (tip)

A

A companion to the MMY. Offers a comprehensive listing of all published and commercially available tests in psychology and education, and provides information regarding the test title, intended population, acronym, publication date, author, publisher, foreign adaptations, and references.

229
Q

Theory-Based Models of Supervision

A

Extend the basic counseling theories to the supervisory relationship

230
Q

Theory of Carer Decision Making

A

Theory developed by Tiedeman and O’Hara; a descriptive approach that proposes two career decision-making stages; anticipating the choice and adjusting to the choice

231
Q

Theory of Work Adjustment (TWA)

A

A career development theory developed by Dawis and Lofquist that describes the relationship between individuals and their work environments.

232
Q

Therapeutic Alliance

A

The relationship between the client and the professional counselor

233
Q

Therapeutic Factor

A

An element, generally created by the group leader or relationships with other members, that improves a group member’s overall condition.

234
Q

Therapeutic Letters

A

A technique used in narrative therapy in which the counselor writes letters to the client following counseling sessions. These letters review what was discussed in the session an highlight important moments. the ultimate goal of these letters is to keep the work that occurred during the session going long after the session has ended.

235
Q

Thick Description

A

A self-narrative that involves clients’ interpretations of themselves and the labels that are put on them by others

236
Q

Thin Description

A

A self-narrative that is imposed on a person by others that the individual then internalizes

237
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Introduced the law of effect, which proposes that if a response to stimuli results in a satisfying state/reward, the response is likely to be repeated

238
Q

Frederick Thorne

A

An early proponent of eclectic counseling

239
Q

Thought Stopping

A

A cognitive technique used to teach clients how to interrupt a pattern of negative self-statements or thinking; it usually involves the substitution of one thought for another

240
Q

Thurstone Scale

A

Measures multiple dimensions of an attitude by asking respondents to express their beliefs through agreeing or disagreeing with item statements

241
Q

Time-Lag Studies

A

A type of study commonly used in developmental research; involves replications of previous studies on a modern-day cohort using the same parameters as the previous study

242
Q

Time-Out

A

A type of punishment procedure that removes the child from a rewarding context and puts him or her into an alternative context so that he or she is no longer able to receive any kind of positive reinforcement

243
Q

Token Economy

A

A behavioral technique that provides clients with rewards for demonstrating desired behavior. A contract is arranged between the counselor and client, which establishes the number of tokens a client will receive in exchange for demonstrating certain behavioral goals.

244
Q

Tort

A

An act that results in injury to another person, property, or reputation, entitling the injured party to compensation.

245
Q

Tracking

A

A counseling technique that allows the counselor to keep up with and clarify content through verbal clarifications.

246
Q

Trait and Factor Theory

A

A career theory heavily influenced by the work of Parsons and Williamson. This theory maintains that an individual must gain self-understanding and knowledge about he world of work, and integrate these understandings in order to choose an occupation that will result in satisfaction and success

247
Q

Trait and Type career Theories

A

Also known as person-environment fit theories; assess the traits or characteristics of individuals in order to match them with an occupation that has similar characteristics

248
Q

Transactional Analysis

A

A cognitive theory developed by Eric Berne with roots in psychoanalysis. The focus of ______ is on examining how clients interact with others. It is believed that if clients can change their styles of interaction, the result will be improved functioning.

249
Q

Transactions

A

The interactions that occur between two or more people.

250
Q

Trans-Affirmative Approach

A

Involves the counselor taking on the role of an advocate by being involved politically, teaching the client how to advocate, and rallying for equal community resources.

251
Q

Transcrisis

A

Occurs when the traumatic event of an initial crisis is not fully death with and becomes submerged into a client’s subconscious

252
Q

Transference

A

A psychoanalytic term used to describe the displacement of emotions from one individual to another

253
Q

Transformation-Based Negotiations

A

A form of conflict resolution that deals with promoting empowerment and recognition of involved persons.

254
Q

Transgender

A

A term used to describe a broad continuum of individuals who gender identity and roles, to varying degrees, do not conform to cultural norms and expectations associated with their biological sex

255
Q

Transition Stage

A

The second group development stage, characterized by the testing of boundaries and power structures that can range from subtle testing to full-blown rebellion and conflict.

256
Q

Transphobia

A

Discrimination against transsexual or transgendered individuals, based on their nonalignment with cultural expectations regarding gender and sexuality

257
Q

Trauma

A

A long-term crisis for which there is no resolution or balance of stressors and available resources

258
Q

Trend Study

A

Involves assessing the general population over time, with new individuals sampled each time data are collected

259
Q

Triangle

A

In Bowen family systems therapy, a relationships comprising three people. ______ are created when two family members are experiencing stress and draw in a third to help release the emotional tension.

260
Q

Tripartite Model of Multicultural Counseling

A

Outlines three standards that inform multiculturally competent counselors, including self-awareness, knowledge, and skills

261
Q

Triple Jeopardy

A

Individuals who are marginalized as a result of having triple minority status

262
Q

Trustworthiness

A

The validity or truthfulness of qualitative findings

263
Q

T Score

A

A type of standardized score that has an adjusted mean of 50 and an SD of 10

264
Q

t-Test

A

Compares two means for one variable

265
Q

Tuskegee Syphilis study

A

An infamous, unethical research study in which physicals studying the long term effects of syphilis told 400 African American males with syphilis they were receiving treatment for bad blood. Participants were never informed of their actual diagnosis and, even when penicillin was discovered as a treatment in the 1940s, the participants never received the drug

266
Q

Type I Error

A

A type of error associated with hypothesis testing that occurs when a decision is made to reject the null hypothesis when that null hypothesis is in fact true

267
Q

Type II Error

A

A type of error associated with hypothesis testing that occurs when a decision is made to retain the null hypothesis that should have been rejected because the null hypothesis was indeed false

268
Q

Typical Performance test

A

a type of assessment that measures one’s normal performance

269
Q

Unbalancing

A

A restructuring technique used to better establish a proper family hierarchy

270
Q

Unconscious Mind

A

The most nebulous part of a person’s mind. It contains memories, instincts, and drives that are exceedingly difficult to bring to a person’s conscious awareness

271
Q

Unfinished Business

A

In gestalt therapy, past unresolved issues that interfere with an individual’s present functioning.

272
Q

Unintentional Tort

A

A tort not planned or aimed to cause harm to the client.

273
Q

Unstructured Interview

A

Interviews that use no pre-established questions and tend to rely on the client’s lead to determine a focus

274
Q

U.S. Rehabilitation Act of 1973

A

A civil rights act that protects individuals with disabilities from being discriminated against or denied equal access to services and opportunities because of their disability

275
Q

Validity

A

How accurately an instrument measures a given construct

276
Q

Validity Coefficient

A

Often used to report validity; a correlation between a test score and the criterion measure

277
Q

Values

A

Beliefs that guide an individuals’ behavior and emotional responses

278
Q

Values Inventories

A

A group of inventories that assist individuals in identifying and prioritizing work-related values

279
Q

Variability

A

A measure of the spread in a distribution of scores or data points

280
Q

Variable

A

A construct that has at least two categories and therefore can vary and be measured

281
Q

Variance

A

A type of variability equal to the SD squared

282
Q

Vicarious Trauma

A

A stress reaction resulting from exposure to client disclosures of traumatic events

283
Q

Violence

A

Involves a premeditated or spur-of-the-moment intent to cause harm

284
Q

Visitors

A

A term used in SFBT to characterize clients who do not recognize that a problem exists and are not ready or willing to change

285
Q

Vocational Aptitude Testing

A

A set of predictive tests that are designed to measure one’s potential for occupational success

286
Q

Vocational Construct System

A

A group of constructs proposed bye George Kelly that assist individuals in finding purpose at work, evaluating career decisions and tasks, and developing a sense of community

287
Q

Vocational Education Act of 1963

A

Legislation that expanded career education programs to include career services for elementary schools, technical institutions, and public community colleges

288
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

A Russian psychologist known for his constructionist, cognitive developmental theory, which held that cognitive processes occur in a social context and are facilitated by language development

289
Q

John Watson

A

Often referred to as the father of American behaviorism. Avidly campaigned for his idea that psychology should only deal with what can be observed and accurately measured.

290
Q

Carl Whitaker

A

Developed symbolic-experiential family therapy

291
Q

Michael White

A

With David Epston, developed narrative therapy, a postmodern and social constructionist approach

292
Q

White Privilege

A

The benefits received by being White

293
Q

White Supremacy

A

The wrongful justification that Whites deserve certain advantages because they are the superior race

294
Q

Wilcoxon’s Signed-Ranks Test

A

A nonparametric statistical test equivalent to a dependent t-test; involves ranking the amount and direction of change for each pair of scores

295
Q

Edmund Williamson

A

Best known for his directive approach to counseling, the Minnesota point of view

296
Q

Willowbrook Study

A

An unethical research study in which researcher used a school for children with mental disabilities to study the effects of hepatitis in a controlled setting.

297
Q

Within-Subject Design

A

A general category of experimental designs that involve assessing changes that occur within the participants in a group as they experience some intervention

298
Q

Joseph Wolpe

A

Applied classical conditioning procedures to psychotherapy

299
Q

Work

A

Activities that serve as one’s regular source of livelihood; commonly associated with a job position

300
Q

Work Adjustment

A

The continuous process by which an individual achieves and maintains correspondence with the work environment

301
Q

Workforce

A

The workers who make up the labor market

302
Q

Working Stage

A

A stage of group development characterized by committed members who work to accomplish personal and group goals and help other members to do so by giving feedback, working as a cooperative team, and facilitating a supportive environment of positive change

303
Q

X-Linked Diseases

A

Genetic disorders that are passed through the maternal X chromosome to males.

304
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

States that memory and performance are optimized when an individual attains a moderate state of arousal

305
Q

z-Score

A

A standardized score for which the distribution has a mean of 0 and a SD of 1; it represents the number of standard deviation units above or below the mean at which a given score falls.

National Counselor Exam (2 decks)

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