Glossary Terms 2 Flashcards
Positivism
A philosophical paradigm that proposes an objective truth exists and can only be understood if directly observable.
Post Hoc Analysis
Allows examination of every possible pairing of group means for a particular independent variable after one has concluded that there are main effect in an ANOVA
Post-Positivism
A philosophical paradigm that proposes truth can only be approximated because of inherent errors present when measuring reality.
Poverty
The struggle to meet and maintain basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter
Power
(1) In a group context, having control over the resources the group values or desires. (2) In hypothesis testing, the likelihood of detecting a significant relationship between variables when one is really there
Power Negotiations
A form of conflict resolution that occurs when individuals vie to have the strongest influence on the outcome and may involve deceitful tactics like relaying false information and cheating.
Power Tests
Assessments that are designed to prevent test-takers from attaining perfect scores by including difficult test items that few individuals can answer correctly.
Practice Effects
The phenomenon of research participants knowing what to expect and learning something from a pretest that helps to improve their performance on future tests.
Preconscious Mind.
That Part of consciousness that combines characteristics of both the conscious and unconscious minds
Pre-experiemental Designs
A type of experimental design that does not use random assignment
Prejudice
Formulation of preconceived opinions or judgments about an individual or group without sufficient knowledge
Prescribing the Symptom
In strategic family counseling, the counselor tells clients to keep engaging in their troublesome behavior; by following the counselor’s advice, clients recognize that they are choosing to perpetuate the problem.
Pretend Technique
Encourages clients to simulate their symptoms in order to realize that they are able to exert some control over what they say and do, as well as over the outcome of the situation
Primary Reinforcers
Reinforcers that satisfy a primary need
Privacy Policy
For HIPAA, guidelines dictating with whom protected health information may be shared
Privilege
The ability of an individual to receive benefits, which are not as readily available to others, as a result of his or her membership in a dominant group
Privileged Communication
A legal term that protects counselors from having to reveal information about a client during a legal proceeding.
Proactive Inhibition
A loss of memory that occurs when old information interferes with newly learned information
Probability sampling
A type of quantitative sampling that involves sampling a known population using randomization
Problem Externalization
A technique used in narrative therapy in which the counselor seeks to help clients distance themselves from their problems. Problems, in relation to clients, are seen as separate, outside entities.
Problem-Saturated Stories
A term used in narrative counseling to refer to self-narratives that are harmful and detrimental to client well-being
Process Evaluation
A type of program evaluation that focuses on the process of implementing the program to evaluate its progress at various points
Professional Associations
Counseling organizations that seek to further the counseling profession by uniting members through a shared identity, advocating on behalf of the profession, providing professional development opportunities, and offering access to counseling-related resources
Professional Counselor
A professional who works with individuals and families to overcome developmental and unexpected life changes in order to facilitate client wellness and personal growth.