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phonetics > glossary terms > Flashcards

glossary terms Flashcards

1
Q

affricate

A

a stop followed by a fricative

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2
Q

airstream

A

the flow of air through the vocal tract

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3
Q

alveolar

A

articulated in the region behind the upper front teeth

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4
Q

approximant

A

a sound in which the vocal tract is only slightly narrowed

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5
Q

articulation

A

a gesture of the vocal organs

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6
Q

aspirated

A

having a period of voicelessness after the release of a closure

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7
Q

assimilation

A

the change of one sound into another, due to the influence of a neighboring sound

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8
Q

back (of the tongue)

A

the part of the tongue blow the soft palate (velum)

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9
Q

bilabial

A

an articulation with the two lips coming together

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10
Q

blade (of the tongue)

A

the part of the tongue below the alveolar region

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11
Q

bottom up processing

A

interpreting speech sounds primarily by attention to the acoustic input

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12
Q

breathy voice

A

a voice quality produced when the vocal folds are held together loosely, allowing a greater than usual airflow

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13
Q

categorial perception

A

hearing sounds in distinct categories, so that when one sound is change by equal steps into another, some of the steps are readily perceived as different and others are hard to tell apart

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14
Q

central

A

a term with two meanings: 1)made with the center of the tongue (the section below the highest part of the roof of the mouth) 2) made with an articulation in the midline of the vocal tract, allowing air to escape over the sides of the tongue so that the articulation is central (not lateral)

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15
Q

confusion matrix

A

a table showing how sounds are confused with one another

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16
Q

consonant

A

a speech sound produced with a partial or complete obstruction of the vocal tract

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17
Q

creaky voice

A

a voice quality produced when the vocal folds are held together so that only a part of their length is moving. Such vibrations allow a comparatively small airflow.

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18
Q

dental

A

an articulation with the tip of the tongue near the upper front teeth.

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19
Q

diphone synthesis

A

synthesizing speech by joining together prerecorded pieces going from the middle of one speech sound to the middle of another

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20
Q

diphthong

A

a vowel sound forming the center of a single syllable, but including a change from one vowel quality to another.

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21
Q

ejective

A

a sound (usually a stop) produced by releasing a closure after holding the vocal folds together and moving them upward so as to compress the air in the vocal tract

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22
Q

epiglottis

A

the flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue that can be lowered so as to help direct food into the esophagus

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23
Q

formant

A

a resonating frequency of the air in the vocal tract. The articulation of a particular sounds will cause a group of overtones to resonate in a way that is characteristic of that sound. Each of these overtones/formants is represented on a sound spectrogram as a dark, horizontal band of energy.

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24
Q

frequency

A

the rate at which part of a sound wave is repeated. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) indicating the number of repetitions that occur in a second.

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25
Q

fricative

A

a rather noisy sound made by air being pushed through a narrow constriction in the vocal tract.

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26
Q

fundamental frequency

A

the rate of repetition of the longest piece of a sound wave that’s repeated. This corresponds in general to the perceived pitch of the sound

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27
Q

gestural economy

A

the tendency of languages to use the same gestures in many different sounds. For example, languages that use movements of the tongue to produce t often use the same movements to produce d and n as well

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28
Q

gesture (of the vocal organs)

A

a controlled movement of the vocal organs that will make a particular sound.

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29
Q

glottal stop

A

complete closure of the vocal folds

30
Q

glottis

A

the space between the vocal folds. This is considered to be the boundary between the lungs and the vocal tract

31
Q

hard palate

A

the part of the roof of the mouth with a bony structure

32
Q

homographs

A

words that are spelled the same (like wind noun and wind verb) but have different meanings and often different pronunciations

33
Q

homophones

A

words that sound the same (like mail and male) but have different meanings

34
Q

implosive

A

a stop in which the vocal folds move downward, thus expanding the vocal tract and decreasing the pressure of the air in it.

35
Q

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A

and internationally recognized set of symbols for designating the phonetic characteristics of (theoretically) all the distinct sounds in the world’s languages.

36
Q

intonation

A

the pattern of pitch changes in a group of words that may affect the meaning of the whole

37
Q

labiodental

A

an articulation with the lower lip near the upper lip

38
Q

labiovelar

A

an articulation with the two lips approaching one another and the back of the tongue raised towards the soft palate

39
Q

larynx

A

a structure within the neck made up of cartilages, the front of which can be discerned as the Adam’s apple. Stretched between the components of the larynx are the vocal folds.

40
Q

later

A

an articulation in which there is an obstruction in the midline but in which one or both sides of the tongue do not make a complete closure, as in an l sound (L)

41
Q

monophthong

A

a vowel sound, in the course of which there is no appreciable change in phonetic quality. An example of such a steady-state vowel is the [ɑ] in father

42
Q

nasal

A

a sound in which the air in the vocal tract is prevented from going out of the mouth, but is allowed to escape through the nose.

43
Q

nasalized

A

a sound in which part of the air in the vocal tract escapes through the nose and part of the mouth.

44
Q

oral

A

a sound produced with the velum raised, so as to prevent air in the vocal tract from escaping through the nose.

45
Q

overtones

A

regular variations of air pressure at a higher rate than the fundamental rate of repetition of a sound wave

46
Q

palatal

A

an articulation in the region near the highest part of the upper surface of the mouth, where this surface is hard, with a bony structure.

47
Q

palatoalveolar

A

an articulation with the blade of the tongue near the forward part of the hard palate just behind the alveolar ridge

48
Q

parametric synthesis

A

synthesizing speech by stating the values of components (parameters) such as the formant frequencies at each moment in time.

49
Q

pharynx

A

the region of the mouth near the root of the tongue

50
Q

phoneme

A

loosely speaking, a distinctive sound that can change the meaning of a word in a language. more precisely, a group of sounds that cannot, separately, distinguish words in a given language.

51
Q

pitch

A

the auditory property of a sound, ranging from high to low, that corresponds in general to its fundamental frequency.

52
Q

resonance

A

the way in which an object (eg the body of air in the vocal tract) will vibrate when it’s been set in motion.

53
Q

root (of the tongue)

A

the lowest part of the back of the tongue, immediately above the epiglottis.

54
Q

soft palate (velum)

A

the part of the upper surface of the mouth where this surface is soft and movable. raising the soft palate blocks air from going out the nose.

55
Q

spectrogram

A

a picture of a sound showing how the component frequencies change with time, and their relative loudness.

56
Q

speech recognition

A

systems for turning the sounds of human speech into written text

57
Q

stop

A

a sound in which the air in the vocal tract is completely blocked

58
Q

spectrum

A

the component frequencies that make up a sound during a given (usually fairly short) interval of time.

59
Q

stress

A

the use of a greater amount of respiratory energy (an, usually, increased tension of vocal folds) on a syllable

60
Q

text-to-speech (TTS)

A

systems for turning written material (texts) into the sounds of synthesized speech

61
Q

tip (of the tongue)

A

the most forward part of the tongue, in front of the blade.

62
Q

tone

A

a particular pitch that affects the meaning of a word.

63
Q

uvula

A

the small appendage that hangs down from the back of the soft palate

64
Q

velar

A

an articulation in the region of the mouth corresponding to the under side of the soft palate

65
Q

vocal folds

A

two small, multilayered folds of tissue, stretching from the front to near the back of the larynx

66
Q

vocal tract

A

the air passage between the vocal folds and the lips.

67
Q

voiced

A

made with the vocal folds vibrating

68
Q

voiceless

A

made with the vocal folds not vibrating

69
Q

VOT (voice onset time)

A

the interval between the release of a stop (eg the coming apart of the lips for [p]) and the start of vocal fold vibration

70
Q

vowel

A

a sound at the center of a syllable in which there is no obstruction of the vocal tract

71
Q

vowel quality

A

the timbre that distinguishes one vowel from another

72
Q

waveform

A

the graphic representation of a (sound) wave, along axes of amplitude and time

phonetics (5 decks)

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