GLOSSARY OF TERMS BB LAB Flashcards
1
Q
What is an ABO discrepancy?
A
It is a situation when the ABO forward typing result does not agree with the result in backward typing.
2
Q
What is absorption?
A
It is the removal of a specific antibody from a mixture of antibodies using cells of known specificity.
3
Q
What is active immunization?
A
It is the production of antibody after antigenic exposure or stimulation.
4
Q
What are additives in blood storage?
A
These are chemical substances added to red cells to extend the shelf life up to 42 days.
5
Q
What are some examples of blood bag additives?
A
- AS-1 : Adsol : Fenwal Laboratory
- AS-3 : Nutricel : Medsep Corporation
- AS-S : Optisol : Terumo Corporation
6
Q
What is agammaglobulinemia?
A
It is a rare condition characterized by the absence of antibodies.
7
Q
What is agglutination?
A
It is the clumping of particulate antigens with their corresponding specific antibodies. If the source of the antigen is a red cell, clumping is identified as hemagglutination.
8
Q
What is an allele?
A
It is an alternative form of a gene occupying a given locus.
9
Q
What is amniocentesis?
A
It is the process of collecting amniotic fluid.
10
Q
What is amniotic fluid?
A
It is the albuminous fluid contained in an amniotic sac that provides nutrients to the developing fetus.
11
Q
What is an amorph?
A
It is described as the ‘silent gene’ that does not produce a detectable antigen. An example of an amorphic gene is the O gene.
12
Q
What is an anamnestic response?
A
It is known as ‘secondary immune response,’ which refers to the production of antibodies after secondary antigenic exposure.
13
Q
What is anaphylaxis?
A
It is a severe allergic hypersensitivity reaction brought about by an antibody against IgA seen among IgA-deficient patients exposed to IgA antibody.
14
Q
What does antenatal mean?
A
It occurs before birth.
15
Q
What is an antibody?
A
It is also known as ‘immunoglobulin,’ which refers to a protein substance that is secreted by plasma cells and produced in response to antigenic stimulation.
16
Q
What is an alloantibody?
A
It is an immune antibody against foreign antigen of the same species.
17
Q
What is an autoantibody?
A
It is an antibody against its own self-antigens.
18
Q
What is an atypical antibody?
A
It is also known as ‘unexpected antibody’ which refers to an antibody other than the naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B.
19
Q
What is a naturally occurring antibody?
A
It refers to isoantibodies known as anti-A and anti-B.
20
Q
What is a monoclonal antibody?
A
It is an antibody derived from a single clone of antigen.
21
Q
What is a polyclonal antibody?
A
It is an antibody derived from more than one antibody-producing plasma.
22
Q
What are antibody potentiators?
A
These are reagents used to enhance or speed up antigen-antibody reactions.
23
Q
What is an antibody screening test?
A
This is used to detect immune antibodies other than the naturally occurring ones through the use of completely phenotyped group ‘O’ cells.
24
Q
What is an antigen?
A
It refers to any foreign substance which, when introduced to the body, stimulates antibody production.
25
What does antigenic mean?
It describes the relative ability of a substance to illicit immune response.
26
What is an antigram?
It is the table of phenotyped group 'O' cells showing different antigens used to screen and identify immune antibody.
27
What is antihuman globulin reagent (AHG)?
It is also known as 'Coombs' serum.' It refers to a secondary antibody directed against human IgG or complement.
28
What is monospecific AHG?
It targets either human IgG or complement C.
29
What is polyspecific AHG?
It targets both human IgG and complement C3.
30
What is an antihuman globulin test (AGT)?
Also known as 'Coombs' test,' it refers to a method that uses antibodies directed against human globulins to aid in the detection of RBCs sensitized by IgG alloantibodies, IgG autoantibodies, and/or complement components.
31
What is a direct antiglobulin test (DAT)?
It is used to detect in vivo cell sensitization.
32
What is an indirect antiglobulin test (IAT)?
It is used to detect in vitro cell sensitization.
33
What is antiserum?
It is a commercially prepared reagent containing an antibody with known specificity.
34
What does antithetical mean?
It is used to describe antigens controlled by a pair of allelic genes.
35
What is apheresis?
It is a method of blood collection in which the whole blood is withdrawn and processed.
36
What is plateletpheresis?
It is the removal of platelets.
37
What is leukapheresis?
It is the removal of leukocytes.
38
What is plasmapheresis?
It is the removal of plasma.
39
What is autoabsorption?
It is the process of antibody removal through the use of the patient's own antigen.
40
What is autocontrol?
It is abbreviated as PS-PR (patient serum-patient red cell), which refers to testing the patient's serum for antibody against his/her own red cells. It is employed to detect autoantibodies.
41
What is avidity?
It refers to the strength of an antigen-antibody reaction as influenced by characteristic features of the antigen and antibody.
42
What are biohazards?
These are biological substances which pose a threat to the health of living organisms, especially humans.
43
What is a biphasic hemolysin?
It is an antibody with reactivity occurring in two phases.
44
What is a blood bag?
It consists of a single bag or interconnected multiple bags with tubings used in blood donation.
45
What is a blood bank?
It is one of the major divisions in a hospital laboratory that provides safe blood to patients by performing blood screening, grouping, and compatibility testing.
46
What are blood components?
These refer to the different cellular and liquid compositions of blood separated by physical means.
47
What is fresh frozen plasma (FFP)?
It is a frozen plasma product that contains all clotting factors; usually administered to patients with clotting factor deficiencies other than hemophilia A, Von Willebrand disease, and hypofibrinogenemia.
48
What is packed RBC?
It is a red cell component prepared by separating the plasma from whole blood unit resulting in a hematocrit level of approximately 80%.
49
What is platelet concentrate?
It consists of platelets removed from unrefrigerated fresh whole blood and stored for transfusion.
50
What is random platelet concentrate?
It is a platelet concentrate containing at least 5.5 × 10^10 platelets obtained manually by centrifugation.
51
What is single platelet concentrate?
It is a platelet concentrate containing about 3.0 × 10^11 platelets obtained by apheresis.
52
What is cryoprecipitate?
It is a concentrated coagulated Factor VIII and Factor I (fibrinogen) extracted from fresh frozen plasma.
53
What is factor concentrate?
It is the blood component which includes prothrombin complexes, Factor XIII, and Factor VII; that is most commonly indicated in trauma, liver disease, and oral anticoagulant toxicity.
54
What are frozen red cells?
These are erythrocytes that are treated with a cryoprotective agent and subsequently kept in freezing temperature.
55
What are rejuvenated red cells?
These are erythrocytes that are treated by a solution (containing pyruvate, inosine, phosphate, and adenine) which restores 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and ATP to at least normal levels.
56
What is blood component preparation?
It is the application of physical means such as refrigerated centrifugation to separate the different cellular and liquid compositions of whole blood.
57
What is an open system in blood component preparation?
It is a manual blood component preparation that limits the use of blood and its components within 24 hours after exposure of the blood to open air.
58
What is a closed system in blood component preparation?
It is a blood component preparation that usually requires the refrigerated centrifuge. It limits the use of blood and its components to a longer period up to the expiration date due to a sterile intact blood bag system.
59
What is a blood filter?
It is a filter device attached to a blood or blood component unit and designed to retain unwanted cells, blood clots, or debris.
60
What are blood group specific soluble substances (BGSSs)?
These are soluble antigens present in fluids that can be used to neutralize their corresponding antibodies.
61
What is a blood group system?
It is a system of classifying blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances in red blood cells.
62
What is blood typing?
This is the test used to determine a blood group system.
63
What is forward typing?
It is the determination of red cell antigens through the use of an antiserum of known specificity.
64
What is backward typing?
It is the determination of serum or plasma antibodies using cells of known antigenic profile.
65
What is a blood warmer?
It is a device used in warming blood stored at refrigerator temperature of 4°C-6°C to body temperature before infusion.
66
What is the Bombay phenotype (Oh)?
It is the failure of an individual to express inherited A or B genes because of the lack of H gene. An individual with Bombay phenotype has a potent anti-H in his/her serum.
67
What is bovine serum albumin?
It is the main soluble protein in the serum of the cattle that is often used as an enzymatically inert protein or a negative control.
68
What is a broad spectrum compatibility test?
It is the most preferred method used for crossmatching that includes three phases: immediate spin, thermophase, and AHG phase.
69
What is chimerism?
It is a condition producing two cell populations in an individual.
70
What is chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)?
It is a rare condition characterized by the difficulty of the phagocytic cells to generate superoxide radicals needed in killing ingested pathogens.
71
What is a coagulation factor?
These are substances present in the plasma, which are involved in the clotting process.
72
What is factor 1?
Fibrinogen.
73
What is factor 2?
Prothrombin.
74
What is factor 3?
Tissue factor.
75
What is factor 4?
Calcium.
76
What is factor 5?
Proaccelerin.
77
What is factor 6?
Activated factor 5.
78
What is factor 7?
Proconvertin.
79
What is factor 8?
Antihemophilic factor A.
80
What is factor 9?
Christmas factor.
81
What is factor 10?
Stuart-Prower factor.
82
What is factor 11?
Plasma thromboplastin antecedent.
83
What is factor 12?
Hageman factor.
84
What is factor 13?
Fibrin-stabilizing factor.
85
What is a codon?
It is a sequence of three bases in a DNA strand that provides the genetic code for a specific amino acid.
86
What is a compatibility test?
It is a batch of tests including ABO and Rh grouping, screening of serum for alloantibodies, and crossmatching.
87
What does compatible mean?
It is serologically inactive when mixed.
88
What is complement?
It is a complex of plasma proteins.
89
What is component therapy?
It is the transfusion of specific components rather than whole blood to treat a patient.
90
What are Coombs' control/check cells?
These are antibody-coated cells used to confirm negative results obtained in direct and indirect antihuman globulin tests.
91
What are cord cells?
These are blood-containing stem cells which are taken from the umbilical cord after childbirth.
92
What is corrected count increment (CCI)?
It is a computed value used to evaluate the effectiveness of platelet transfusion.
93
What is crossing over?
It is the process of exchanging genetic material between two homologous pairs of chromosomes.
94
What is a crossmatch?
It is the testing of the patient's blood against the donor's blood.
95
What is a major crossmatch?
It involves mixing the patient's serum and the donor's red blood cells.
96
What is a minor crossmatch?
It involves mixing the patient's red blood cells and the donor's serum.
97
What is an immediate crossmatch?
It is a process of mixing the recipient's serum with the donor's red blood cells and centrifuging immediately.
98
What is a computerized crossmatch?
It is a crossmatch performed by a computer.
99
What is an abbreviated crossmatch?
It uses type and screen method coupled with immediate spin.
100
What is a cryoprotective agent?
These are substances that are added to erythrocytes to protect them against the harmful effects of freezing temperature.
101
What are cryptantigens?
These are hidden receptors that may be exposed when normal erythrocyte membranes are altered by bacterial or viral enzymes.
102
What is deglycerolization?
It is the process of removing glycerol from a unit of RBCs after thawing to return them to normal osmolality.
103
What are deglycerolized red cells?
These are frozen red cells whose glycerol has been removed by several washings.
104
What is dextran?
It is a plasma expander that may be used as a substitute for plasma.
105
What is direct exclusion?
It is a genetic marker present in the child but absent in the mother and the alleged father.
106
What is dithiotreitol (DTT)?
It is a sulfhydryl compound used to break down disulfide bonds of IgM.
107
What is DMSO?
It refers to dimethyl sulfoxide, a cryoprotectant used for hematopoietic progenitor cells.
108
What is the Donath-Landsteiner antibody?
It is a biphasic IgG specifically directed to anti-P found in patients with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH).
109
What is donation?
It is the process of giving blood to a recipient.
110
What is a donor?
This refers to an individual who gives blood in a blood donation.
111
What is a voluntary blood donor?
This refers to a donor who gives blood on his/her own volition.
112
What is a paid blood donor?
This refers to a donor who gives blood for monetary compensation.
113
What is a walking blood donor?
This refers to a prescreened donor who is in the list of qualified voluntary donors and is fit to donate anytime in the community.
114
What is dosage?
It is a phenomenon whereby an antibody reacts more strongly with red blood cells showing double dose of antigens than those with single dose.
115
What is a dye?
It is a coloring substance.
116
What is blue dye?
It is a dye that gives anti-A a blue color.
117
What is bromphenol blue?
It is an example of a blue dye.
118
What is a donor who gives blood for monetary compensation called?
A paid donor.
119
What is a walking blood donor?
A prescreened donor who is on the list of qualified voluntary donors and is fit to donate anytime in the community.
120
What does dosage refer to in immunology?
It is a phenomenon whereby an antibody reacts more strongly with red blood cells showing double dose of antigens than those with single dose.
121
What is blue dye?
A dye that gives anti-A a blue color.
## Footnote
Examples include Bromphenol blue, Thymol blue, and Patent blue.
122
What is yellow dye?
A dye that gives anti-B a yellow color.
## Footnote
Examples include Acriflavin and Tartrazine yellow.
123
What is green dye?
Any combination of a blue dye and a yellow dye that gives AHG a green color.
124
What is an eluate?
The product of deliberate manipulation of a red cell suspension to break an immune complex with subsequent release of the antibody into the surrounding medium.
125
What is bution?
A process whereby cells that are coated with antibodies are treated to disrupt the bonds between the antigen and antibody.
126
What is an enzyme?
A substance capable of catalyzing a reaction.
## Footnote
Examples include Bromelin, Trussin, Ficin, and Papain.
127
What is erythroblastosis fetalis?
An immunologic incompatibility between the mother and the fetus that can produce severe or fatal consequences to the unborn or newborn infant due to the destruction of red blood cells.
128
What is an exchange transfusion?
The replacement of an infant's coated RBCs with donor blood until one or two total blood volumes are accomplished.
129
What does exposure refer to in blood bank practice?
The activity in which a person is likely to get a foreign substance, either through blood transfusion or pregnancy.
130
What is a febrile reaction?
A transfusion reaction caused by leukoagglutinins characterized by fever.
131
What is fetomaternal hemorrhage?
The transplacental passage of fetal blood into the circulation of the maternal organism.
132
What is fibrin?
A filamentous clot formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen.
133
What is fibrinolysin?
Also referred to as 'plasmin,' a substance that has the ability to dissolve fibrin.
134
What is fibrinolysis?
The process of dissolving fibrin due to the action of fibrinolysin.
135
What is fibronectin?
A type of large glycoprotein found on the surface of cells which mediates cellular adhesion.
136
What is gamma globulin?
One of the five types of immunoglobulin known to be involved in immunity; produced during the second immune response.
137
What is a gene?
The unit of inheritance within a chromosome.
## Footnote
Terms related to genes include codominant, amorphic, allelic, dominant, recessive, regulatory, and suppressor.
138
What is a gene locus?
The specific place on a chromosome where a gene is located.
## Footnote
It can be in cis-position or trans-position.
139
What is a genotype?
A person's actual genetic make-up.
140
What is homozygous?
The genetic state of having two similar genes for the same trait.
141
What is heterozygous?
The genetic state of having two dissimilar genes for the same trait.
142
What is glycerol?
A cryoprotective agent.
143
What is the process of adding glycerol to a red blood cell unit?
GLYCEROLIZATION
144
What is a glycolipid?
A carbohydrate-attached lipid.
145
What is glycophorin?
Any of several related proteins that can project through the thickness of the cell membrane of erythrocytes.
146
What are glycoproteins?
Molecules that consist of a carbohydrate plus a protein.
147
What is a glycosphingolipid?
A sphingolipid containing the sugar glucose or galactose.
148
What is glycosyltransferase?
An enzyme needed to attach a specific sugar molecule to a predetermined acceptor molecule.
149
What is graft vs. host disease (GHD)?
An intense and frequently fatal immunologic reaction of engrafted cells against the host caused by the infusion of immunocompetent lymphocytes into individuals with impaired immunity.
150
What is granulocytopenia?
A condition characterized by markedly decreased leukocytes in the blood.
151
What is a haplotype?
A group of genes that are close on the chromosome and inherited together by an individual.
152
What is a hapten?
A very small substance that stimulates antibody production without attaching to a larger molecule.
153
What is haptoglobin?
A plasma protein which binds to hemoglobin following intravascular hemolysis.
154
What is hemodilution?
An increase in the volume of blood plasma resulting in a reduced concentration of red blood cells.
155
What is hemolysis?
The destruction of red blood cells with subsequent release of hemoglobin.
156
What is extravascular hemolysis?
The destruction of red blood cells outside the blood vessel; antibody-coated red blood cells are removed from circulation by the liver and spleen.
157
What is intravascular hemolysis?
The destruction of red cells within the vessels of the circulatory system.
158
What is hemolytic anemia?
A severe condition characterized by low RBC count resulting from the destruction of circulating erythrocytes.
159
What is immune hemolytic anemia?
A condition in which a patient has a shortened red blood cell survival associated with hemolysis mediated by humoral antibody.
160
What is autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Continuous red blood cell destruction leading to anemia due to the presence of autoantibodies directed against the patient's own red blood cells.
161
What is drug-induced hemolytic anemia?
Red blood cell destruction due to drug-induced production of an autoantibody that recognizes red blood cell antigens.
162
What is alloimmune hemolytic anemia?
Red blood cell destruction due to the presence of alloantibodies to foreign red cell antigens introduced to the circulation through transfusion or pregnancy.
163
What is hemophilia?
An example of a bleeding disorder due to deficiency of a particular coagulation factor.
164
What is hemophilia A?
A sex-linked recessive trait due to Factor VIII deficiency; most commonly affected are males.
165
What is hemophilia B?
Also known as 'Christmas disease,' this sex-linked disorder is due to the absence of Factor IX.
166
What are high-titer, low-avidity (HTLA) antibodies?
Antibodies characterized as weak and can be diluted to high titer despite the weak reaction strengths.
167
What is a hydatid cyst?
The fluid obtained from a cyst of a dog tapeworm which can be a source of P1 substance and can be used to neutralize anti-P1.
168
What is hydroxyethyl starch (HES)?
A non-penetrating cryoprotective agent added to protect cells against damage.
169
What is hypothermia?
The decrease in body temperature.
