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Materials > Glossary - Lent 2013 > Flashcards

Glossary - Lent 2013 Flashcards

1
Q

Annealing

A

Holding a sample at an elevated temperature, to bring the microstructure closer to stable equilibrium

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2
Q

Austenite

A

The cubic close packed allotrope of iron found between 912C and 1394C for pure iron. Also called the gamma phase

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3
Q

Cast iron

A

Any of a wide range of Fe-C alloys, with a carbon content of 2-4wt%. The carbon content is higher than for steels

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4
Q

Cementite

A

Iron carbide Fe3C often found in cast irons and steels although it is a metastable phase. (Graphite is actually the stable C-rich phase in the Fe-C system)

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5
Q

Coherent interface

A

An interface between 2 crystalline phases such that the 2 lattices match perfectly at the interface. Such an interface is typically of low free energy (see Semi-coherent & Incoherent interfaces)

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6
Q

Cooling curve

A

A plot of a sample temperature vs. time cooling. Changes in the cooling rate indicate phase transformations

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7
Q

Common-tangent construction

A

The algorithm for calculating the compositions of 2 phases co-existing in equilibrium, based on the relevant free energy vs. composition curves

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8
Q

Component

A

The different elements or chemical compounds which make up a system. The composition of a phase or the system can be described by giving the relative amount of each component

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9
Q

Coring

A

Variation of solute content in a phase arising when solidification is too rapid to permit a uniform composition to be achieved by solid-state diffusion

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10
Q

Dendrite

A

A branched tree-like form of crystal commonly found when metals solidify, often originating because of solute accumulation or depletion around the growing crystal

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11
Q

Diffusion

A

Transport of atoms in a liquid or solid in which the diffusing atom moves relative to its neighbours

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12
Q

Diffusion coefficient (Diffusivity, D)

A

A temperature dependent coefficient which describes the rate of diffusion. Has units of m^2s^-1

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13
Q

Displacive Phase Transition

A

The transition between 2 phases which are related by small atomic displacements (see Reconstructive Phase Transition)

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14
Q

Driving force

A

The difference in free energy driving a transformation

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15
Q

Enthalpy, H

A

A thermodynamic extensive variable, defined so that the changes in H are given by the heat input at constant pressure. (H= U + PV)

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16
Q

Entropy, S

A

A thermodynamic extensive variable, describing the degree of disorder of a system. For natural (spontaneous) changes, total entropy (of the system and its surroundings) always increases. In statistical mechanics, the entropy is related to the number of configurations of the system, Ω by S = klnΩ

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17
Q

Equilibrium

A

A state of a system in which there is no driving force for infinitesimal change. Different types of equilibrium are distinguished by the stability of the system to small and large perturbations (see Metastable, Neutral, Stable and Unstable equilibrium)

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18
Q

Eutectic

A

Relating to the transformation in which one liquid phase transforms to 2 solid phases on cooling. Is locally the lowest freezing point in the system

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19
Q

Eutectoid

A

Relating to the transformation in which one solid phase transforms to 2 solid phases on cooling.

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20
Q

Ferrite

A

The body centred cubic allotrope of iron - at lower temperature (below 912C in pure iron) labelled as alpha, at higher temperature (above 1394C in pure iron) as delta

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21
Q

First order Transformation

A

A transformation from one phase to another in which the first derivatives of the free energy (e.g. entropy & volume) are discontinuous

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22
Q

Free energy

A

Gibbs free energy is used to analyse equilibrium at constant pressure, Helmholtz free energy at constant volume

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23
Q

Freezing range

A

The temperature over which freezing occurs in solidification of a liquid with more than one component. It is the interval between the liquidus and solidus

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24
Q

Gibbs free energy, G

A

The thermodynamic potential which is minimised for equilibrium at constant pressure. Defined by G = H - TS

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25
Q

Glass

A

The phase formed when a liquid is cooled into a state of solid-like viscosity without crystallisation. Can be a material with any of the common bonding types (covalent, ionic, metallic, van der Waals)

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26
Q

Glass-ceramic

A

A fine-grained, almost totally crystalline product obtained by annealing a glass

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27
Q

Heterogeneous nucleation

A

Nucleation which occurs because of the presence of heterogeneities (see Homogeneous nucleation)

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28
Q

Homogeneous nucleation

A

Nucleation which occurs in a uniform phase without any influence of heterogeneities (see Heterogeneous nucleation)

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29
Q

Ideal solution

A

A solution in which the enthalpy of mixing is zero and the entropy of mixing has its ideal value

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30
Q

Incoherent interface

A

An interface between 2 crystalline phases at which there is no lattice matching. Such an interface will typically have a high free energy (see Coherent and Semi-coherent interfaces)

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31
Q

Intergrowth

A

A mixture of 2 phases, usually on a fine scale, formed when they grow cooperatively from a 3rd phase. Typical product of eutectic and eutectoid transformations

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32
Q

Internal energy, U

A

The potential energy and kinetic energy of a system. Changes in U are given by heat input at constant volume

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33
Q

Isothermal transformation diagram

A

Also known as a time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram. Temperature is plotted vertically, and the isothermal annealing time for a given fraction of transformation is plotted horizontally, usually on a logarithmic scale

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34
Q

Lamella(e)

A

Thin plate(s)

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35
Q

Lever rule

A

The algorithm for calculating the relative proportions of 2 phases, based on their compositions and overall composition

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36
Q

Line compound

A

A compound of very limited composition range which appears as a vertical line on a phase diagram of T vs. Composition. Such a compound is stoichiometric

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37
Q

Liquidus

A

The locus of the equilibrium temperature for solidification to start as a function of composition (see Solidus)

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38
Q

Martensite

A

A phase formed from austenite by a diffusionless transformation if the eutectoid transformation to pearlite is avoided on cooling. A martensitic transformation also refers, more generally, to any diffusionless shear transformation

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39
Q

Mechanical mixture

A

A mixture of phases in which each retains its separate identity. The free energy of the mixture is the weighted sum of the free energies of the constituent phases

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40
Q

Metastable equilibrium

A

Applies to a system which is stable against small fluctuations but not against large (see Equilibrium)

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41
Q

Microstructure

A

The arrangement of phases and other structural features that make up a solid material

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42
Q

Neutral equilibrium

A

Applies to a system in which there is no variation of potential with any change (see Equilibrium)

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43
Q

Pearlite

A

Fine eutectoid intergrowth of ferrite and cementite found in steels and cast irons

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44
Q

Phase

A

A portion of a system whose structure, properties and composition are homogeneous and which is physically distinct from other parts of the system

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45
Q

Phase separation

A

As a single phase solution is cooled, it may develop a free energy composition curve which has 2 minima, It will then separate into 2 isostructural phases

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46
Q

Precipitation

A

Formation of one phase in another of different chemical composition

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47
Q

Pro-eutectoid

A

Applied to a phase appearing by precipitation in advance of a eutectoid transformation. The precipitate phase is one of the phases in the eutectoid intergrowth

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48
Q

Reconstructive Phase Transition

A

A complete rearrangement of the structural topology involving the breaking and remaking of bonds.

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49
Q

Quench

A

A rapid cooling of a sample intended to avoid a phase transformation

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50
Q

Semi-coherent interface

A

An interface between 2 crystalline phases at which areas of perfect lattice matching are separated by dislocations. The dislocations act to relieve strain energy when lattice spacings in the interface plane are not the same in the 2 phases

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51
Q

Sintering

A

Particle coalescence in a powder by diffusion, accomplished by thermal treatment

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52
Q

Solidus

A

The locus of the equilibrium temperature for solidification to finish as function of composition (see Liquidus)

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53
Q

Solution

A

A mixture of components which is one phase. Contrasted with a mechanical mixture

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54
Q

Solvus

A

The temperature-composition locus showing the onset of precipitation. Indicates the limits of solubility

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55
Q

Stable equilibrium

A

Applies to a system which is stable against all fluctuations. It has the lowest possible free energy (see Equilibrium)

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56
Q

Steel

A

Any of a wide range of Fe-C alloys with a carbon content of ~0.1 - 1.4wt%. The carbon content is less than for cast irons

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57
Q

Stoichiometric

A

Obeying a strict chemical formula

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58
Q

Supercooling

A

Below an equilibrium temperature the temperature interval in which the higher temperature phase is preserved in a metastable state (also called undercooling)

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59
Q

System

A

The matter which is the subject of a thermodynamic analysis. In metallurgy, often an alloy which can exist as one or more phases

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60
Q

Texture

A

The preferred crystallographic orientation of grains in a material

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61
Q

Tie-line

A

Horizontal line on a temperature vs composition phase diagram the ends of which indicate phase compositions which co-exist in equilibrium

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62
Q

Transformation/Transition

A

These terms are used interchangeably here to denote a change in phase

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63
Q

Twins

A

Regions within a crystal with the same composition and structure, but different crystallographic orientation, and showing a specific orientation relationship between them

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64
Q

Unstable equilibrium

A

Applies to a system which is unstable against all fluctuations (see Equilibrium)

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65
Q

Widmannstatten

A

The characteristic pattern of precipitation of one solid phase in another, in which plate like precipitates have specific orientations governed by the symmetry of the matrix phase

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66
Q

Beam stiffness (Σ)

A

Product of Young’s Modulus and moment of Inertia, characterising the resistance to deflection when subjected to a bending moment

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67
Q

Bending moment (M)

A

Turning moment generated in a beam by set of applied forces. The bending moment is balanced at each point along the beam by the moment of the internal stresses

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68
Q

Brittle fracture

A

Fracture not involving gross plastic flow, although some local plastic deformation may occur at the tip of the crack

69
Q

Burgers vector (b)

A

Vector giving magnitude and direction of lattice displacement generated by passage of a dislocation. It is a lattice vector for a perfect dislocation

70
Q

Climb

A

Movement of an edge dislocation by absorption or emission of a vacancy

71
Q

Critical resolved shear stress (

A

Value of resolved shear stress at which slip occurs on a specified slip system

72
Q

Cross-slip

A

Movement of a screw dislocation from one permissible slip plane on to another, usually in order to bypass an obstacle

73
Q

Curvature (

A

Reciprocal of the radius of curvature adopted by a beam subject to a bending moment. Also equal to the through-thickness gradient of strain in the beam

74
Q

Deformation twinning

A

Mode of plastic deformation involving the co-operative shear of atomic arrays into a new orientation of the same crystal structure (reflecting the parent orientation across the twin plane). Also termed mechanical twinning

75
Q

Dislocation line

A

Boundary between slipped and unslipped regions of a crystal

76
Q

Dispersion Strengthening

A

Raising of yield stress via obstacles to dislocation glide that are thermally stable

77
Q

Ductile fracture

A

Fracture involving gross plastic flow

78
Q

Edge dislocation

A

Dislocation with a Burgers vector normal to the dislocation line

79
Q

Engineering strain (ε)

A

Normal strain, given by ratio of change in length to original length. Also called nominal strain. (See true strain)

80
Q

Engineering stress (σ)

A

Normal stress, given by the ratio of applied force to original sectional area. Also called nominal stress. (see true stress)

81
Q

Fracture energy (G[subscript c])

A

Energy per unit area required to extend a crack. Also termed the critical strain energy release rate

82
Q

Fracture toughness (K[subscript c])

A

Critical value of the stress intensity factor, characterising the resistance of a material to crack propagation

83
Q

Frank’s rule

A

A dislocation reaction will occur only if the energy of the product dislocation(s) is less than that of the reacting dislocation(s). The energy of a dislocation is proportional to the square of its Burgers vector

84
Q

Frank-Read source

A

A mechanism by which dislocations can multiply

85
Q

Glide

A

Motion of a dislocation on its slip plane by small cooperative movements of atoms close to the dislocation core

86
Q

Glissile dislocation

A

A dislocation which is able to glide

87
Q

Griffith criterion

A

Energy based condition for fracture

88
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

Stress is proportional to strain during elastic deformation

89
Q

Jog

A

A step in a dislocation that does not lie in the slip plane

90
Q

Kink

A

A step in a dislocation that lies in the slip plane

91
Q

Martensitic transformation

A

Phase transformation occurring via cooperative shear of atomic arrays into a new crystal structure

92
Q

Mixed dislocation

A

Dislocation in which the Burgers vector is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the dislocation line

93
Q

Neutral axis (of a beam)

A

Axis (strictly, a plane) parallel to the length of a beam, along which there is no change in length on bending

94
Q

Normal strain (ε)

A

Deformation in which change in length is parallel to original length

95
Q

Normal stress (σ)

A

Stress induced by a force acting normal to the sectional area to which it is applied

96
Q

OILS rule

A

Non-graphical method to find the slip system with the highest Schmid factor in a cubic crystal

97
Q

Orowan bowing

A

The bowing of dislocations between precipitates that cannot be cut

98
Q

Partial dislocation

A

A dislocation for which the Burgers vector is smaller than a lattice vector

99
Q

Perfect dislocation

A

A dislocation for which the Burgers vector is a lattice vector

100
Q

Primary slip system

A

Slip system which first becomes active. Normally the one with the highest Schmid factor

101
Q

Resolved shear stress (tau subscript r)

A

Component of shear stress acting on a slip plane and parallel to a slip direction in that plane

102
Q

Schmid factor (cos theta cos fi)

A

Geometrical factor relating resolved stress to normal stress along the tensile axis in a single crystal under tension or compression

103
Q

Schmid’s law

A

Slip initiates at a critical value of resolved shear stress

104
Q

Screw dislocation

A

Dislocation with a Burgers vector parallel to its dislocation line

105
Q

Second moment of area (I)

A

Parameter dependent on sectional shape, characterising the resistance a beam offers to deflection under an applied bending moment. Also called the moment of inertia

106
Q

Sessile dislocation

A

A dislocation which is unable to glide

107
Q

Shear modulus (G)

A

Constant of proportionality between shear stress and shear strain

108
Q

Beam stiffness (Σ)

A

Product of Young’s Modulus and moment of Inertia, characterising the resistance to deflection when subjected to a bending moment

109
Q

Bending moment (M)

A

Turning moment generated in a beam by set of applied forces. The bending moment is balanced at each point along the beam by the moment of the internal stresses

110
Q

Brittle fracture

A

Fracture not involving gross plastic flow, although some local plastic deformation may occur at the tip of the crack

111
Q

Burgers vector (b)

A

Vector giving magnitude and direction of lattice displacement generated by passage of a dislocation. It is a lattice vector for a perfect dislocation

112
Q

Climb

A

Movement of an edge dislocation by absorption or emission of a vacancy

113
Q

Critical resolved shear stress (tau subscript c)

A

Value of resolved shear stress at which slip occurs on a specified slip system

114
Q

Cross-slip

A

Movement of a screw dislocation from one permissible slip plane on to another, usually in order to bypass an obstacle

115
Q

Curvature (kappa)

A

Reciprocal of the radius of curvature adopted by a beam subject to a bending moment. Also equal to the through-thickness gradient of strain in the beam

116
Q

Deformation twinning

A

Mode of plastic deformation involving the co-operative shear of atomic arrays into a new orientation of the same crystal structure (reflecting the parent orientation across the twin plane). Also termed mechanical twinning

117
Q

Dislocation line

A

Boundary between slipped and unslipped regions of a crystal

118
Q

Dispersion Strengthening

A

Raising of yield stress via obstacles to dislocation glide that are thermally stable

119
Q

Ductile fracture

A

Fracture involving gross plastic flow

120
Q

Edge dislocation

A

Dislocation with a Burgers vector normal to the dislocation line

121
Q

Engineering strain (ε)

A

Normal strain, given by ratio of change in length to original length. Also called nominal strain. (See true strain)

122
Q

Engineering stress (σ)

A

Normal stress, given by the ratio of applied force to original sectional area. Also called nominal stress. (see true stress)

123
Q

Fracture energy (G[subscript c])

A

Energy per unit area required to extend a crack. Also termed the critical strain energy release rate

124
Q

Fracture toughness (K[subscript c])

A

Critical value of the stress intensity factor, characterising the resistance of a material to crack propagation

125
Q

Frank’s rule

A

A dislocation reaction will occur only if the energy of the product dislocation(s) is less than that of the reacting dislocation(s). The energy of a dislocation is proportional to the square of its Burgers vector

126
Q

Frank-Read source

A

A mechanism by which dislocations can multiply

127
Q

Glide

A

Motion of a dislocation on its slip plane by small cooperative movements of atoms close to the dislocation core

128
Q

Glissile dislocation

A

A dislocation which is able to glide

129
Q

Griffith criterion

A

Energy based condition for fracture

130
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

Stress is proportional to strain during elastic deformation

131
Q

Jog

A

A step in a dislocation that does not lie in the slip plane

132
Q

Kink

A

A step in a dislocation that lies in the slip plane

133
Q

Martensitic transformation

A

Phase transformation occurring via cooperative shear of atomic arrays into a new crystal structure

134
Q

Mechanical twinning

A

see deformation twinning

135
Q

Mixed dislocation

A

Dislocation in which the Burgers vector is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the dislocation line

136
Q

Neutral axis (of a beam)

A

Axis (strictly, a plane) parallel to the length of a beam, along which there is no change in length on bending

137
Q

Nominal strain (ε)

A

see engineering strain

138
Q

Nominal stress (σ)

A

see engineering stress

139
Q

Normal strain (ε)

A

Deformation in which change in length is parallel to original length

140
Q

Normal stress (σ)

A

Stress induced by a force acting normal to the sectional area to which it is applied

141
Q

OILS rule

A

Non-graphical method to find the slip system with the highest Schmid factor in a cubic crystal

142
Q

Orowan bowing

A

The bowing of dislocations between precipitates that cannot be cut

143
Q

Partial dislocation

A

A dislocation for which the Burgers vector is smaller than a lattice vector

144
Q

Perfect dislocation

A

A dislocation for which the Burgers vector is a lattice vector

145
Q

Primary slip system

A

Slip system which first becomes active. Normally the one with the highest Schmid factor

146
Q

Resolved shear stress (

A

Component of shear stress acting on a slip plane and parallel to a slip direction in that plane

147
Q

Schmid factor (cos(theta)cos(fi))

A

Geometrical factor relating resolved stress to normal stress along the tensile axis in a single crystal under tension or compression

148
Q

Schmid’s law

A

Slip initiates at a critical value of resolved shear stress

149
Q

Screw dislocation

A

Dislocation with a Burgers vector parallel to its dislocation line

150
Q

Second moment of area (I)

A

Parameter dependent on sectional shape, characterising the resistance a beam offers to deflection under an applied bending moment. Also called the moment of inertia

151
Q

Sessile dislocation

A

A dislocation which is unable to glide

152
Q

Shear modulus (G)

A

Constant of proportionality

153
Q

Shear strain (

A

Distortional deformation (an angle) arising from a shear displacement

154
Q

Shear stress (

A

Stress induced by a force acting parallel to the sectional area to which it is acting

155
Q

Slip system UVW

A

Combination of slip plane (hkl) and slip direction [UVW], which lies in the (hkl) plane

156
Q

Solution strengthening

A

Increase in yield stress of a material through the addition of solute atoms, caused by the interaction of these solute atoms with dislocations

157
Q

Stacking fault

A

A 2d defect in which the sequence of stacking of atomic planes is interrupted

158
Q

Strain energy release rate (G)

A

Elastic strain energy released per unit of created crack area

159
Q

Strain hardening

A

see work hardening

160
Q

Stress intensity factor (K)

A

Parameter characterising the crack driving force, in terms of applied stress level and crack length

161
Q

Surface energy (

A

Energy per unit area associated with a free surface

162
Q

Thermal expansivity (α)

A

Ratio of change in length to original length, per unit change in temperature. Also known as Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

163
Q

True strain (ε)

A

Ratio of change in length to current length. May differ from the engineering strain

164
Q

True stress (σ)

A

Ratio of force to current sectional area over which it is acting. May differ from engineering stress

165
Q

Twinning plane

A

Plane within which shear takes place during deformation twinning, which also forms a mirror plane between parent and twin structures

166
Q

Work hardening

A

Increase in plastic flow stress with strain. Associated with an increase in dislocation density, formation of entanglements, locks etc. Also known as strain hardening

167
Q

Yield point

A

Point (stress level = σ[subscript y]) at which plastic deformation first occurs

168
Q

Young’s modulus (E)

A

Constant of proportionality between normal stress and normal strain

Materials (2 decks)

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