Glossary in ANAPHY book pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal

A

pertaining to the anterior body trunk inferior to the ribs.

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2
Q

Accommodation

A

(1) adaptation in response to differences or changing needs; (2) adjustment of the eye for seeing objects at close range.

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3
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

a chemical transmitter substance released by certain nerve endings.

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4
Q

Acid

A

a substance that liberates hydrogen ions when in an aqueous solution; proton donor; compare with base.

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5
Q

Acid-base balance

A

the maintenance of proper pH in the body; involves buffers, the respiratory system, and the kidneys.

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6
Q

Acidosis

A

a condition in which the blood has an excess hydrogen ion concentration and a decreased pH; also called ketoacidosis.

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7
Q

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

immunodeficiency caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacking T cells; symptoms include severe weight loss, night sweats, swollen lymph nodes, and opportunistic infections.

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8
Q

Acromial

A

pertaining to the point of the shoulder.

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9
Q

Acrosome

A

an enzyme-containing structure covering the nucleus of the sperm.

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10
Q

Actin

A

one of the principal contractile proteins found in muscle; makes up the thin filaments.

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11
Q

Action potential

A

an electrical event occurring when a stimulus of sufficient intensity is applied to a neuron or muscle cell, allowing sodium ions to move into the cell and reverse the polarity.

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12
Q

Active immunity

A

immunity produced by an encounter with an antigen; provides immunological memory.

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13
Q

Active site

A

region on the surface of a globular protein (such as an enzyme) where it interacts with other molecules of complementary shape and charge (such as substrate).

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14
Q

Active transport

A

net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration or electrical gradient; requires release and use of cellular energy.

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15
Q

Adaptive defense system

A

branch of the immune system that targets specific antigen; involves B and T lymphocytes and antigen- presenting cells; also called specific defense system.

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16
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

the compound that is the important intracellular energy source; cellular energy.

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17
Q

Adipose tissue

A

fat.

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18
Q

Adrenal glands

A

hormone-producing glands located superior to the kidneys; each consists of a medulla and a cortex.

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19
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

respiration in which oxygen is consumed and glucose is broken down entirely; water, carbon dioxide, and large amounts of ATP are the final products.

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20
Q

Afferent

A

carrying to or toward a center.

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21
Q

Agglutinins

A

antibodies in blood plasma that cause clumping of corpuscles or bacteria.

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22
Q

Agglutinogens

A

(1) antigens that stimulate the formation of a specific agglutinin; (2) antigens found on red blood cells that are responsible for determining the ABO blood group classification.

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23
Q

Albumin

A

a protein found in virtually all animals; the most abundant plasma protein.

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24
Q

Alkalosis

A

a condition in which the blood has a lower hydrogen ion concentration than normal and an increased pH.

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25
Q

Allergy

A

overzealous immune response to an otherwise harmless antigen, resulting in tissue damage; also called hypersensitivity.

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26
Q

Alveolus

A

(1) a general term referring to a small cavity or depression; (2) an air sac in the lungs.

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27
Q

Amino acid

A

an organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the building block of protein.

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28
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

a slightly movable joint.

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29
Q

Anabolism

A

the energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances.

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30
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis

A

a process in which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the formation of 2 ATP molecules and lactic acid.

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31
Q

Anatomical position

A

reference point for regional and directional terminology; standing, feet parallel, palms facing forward.

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32
Q

Anatomy

A

the science of the structure of living organisms.

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33
Q

Anemia

A

reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood caused by a decreased number of erythrocytes or decreased percentage of hemoglobin in the blood.

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34
Q

Antebrachial

A

pertaining to the forearm.

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35
Q

Antecubital

A

anterior surface of the elbow.

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36
Q

Antibody

A

a specialized substance produced by the body that can provide immunity against a specific antigen.

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37
Q

Antigen (Ag)

A

any substance — including toxins, foreign proteins, or bacteria — that, when introduced to the body, is recognized as foreign and activates the immune system.

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38
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

cells that display portions of foreign antigens to T cells; include dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes.

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39
Q

Antimicrobial proteins

A

defensive proteins that assist the innate defenses by attacking microbes directly or by preventing their reproduction; see complement and interferon.

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40
Q

Aorta

A

the major systemic artery; arises from the left ventricle of the heart.

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41
Q

Apocrine gland

A

the less numerous type of sweat gland. Its secretions contain water, salts, fatty acids, and proteins.

42
Q

Aponeurosis

A

fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle and the part it moves.

43
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton.

44
Q

Aqueous humor

A

the watery fluid in the anterior chambers of the eye.

45
Q

Arachnoid granulation

A

special projections of the arachnoid mater that protrude through the dura mater; site of cerebrospinal fluid absorption into the dural venous sinuses.

46
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

middle layer of the meninges; has weblike extensions attach to the inner layer, the pia mater.

47
Q

Arrector pili

A

tiny, smooth muscles attached to hair follicles; when activated, they cause the hair to stand upright.

48
Q

Arteriole

A

minute artery.

49
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

any of a number of proliferative and degenerative changes in the arteries leading to their decreased elasticity and hardening; end stage of atherosclerosis.

50
Q

Artery

A

a vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

51
Q

Arthritis

A

inflammation of the joints.

52
Q

Articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis of a bone at a joint.

53
Q

Asthma

A

disease or allergic response characterized by bronchial spasms and difficult breathing.

54
Q

Astigmatism

A

a visual defect
resulting from irregularity in the lens or cornea of the eye causing the image to be out of focus.

55
Q

Astrocyte

A

type of CNS supporting cell; assists in exchanges between blood capillaries and neurons.

56
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

changes in the walls of large arteries consisting of lipid deposits on the artery walls; the early stage of arteriosclerosis and increased rigidity.

57
Q

Atlas

A

the first cervical vertebra; articulates with the occipital bone of the skull and the second cervical vertebra (axis).

58
Q

Atom

A

the smallest part of an element; indivisible by ordinary chemical means.

59
Q

Atomic mass number

A

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom; also known as mass number.

60
Q

Atomic number

A

the number of protons in an atom.

61
Q

Atomic symbol

A

a one-or two-letter symbol indicating a particular element.

62
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

a specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction in the heart.

63
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

two valves set between the atria and ventricles to prevent backflow; includes the mitral (bicuspid) on the left and the tricuspid on the right.

64
Q

Atrium

A

a chamber of the heart receiving blood from the veins; superior heart chamber.

65
Q

Atrophy

A

a reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use.

66
Q

Auricle

A

the external part of the ear surrounding the auditory canal; also called pinna.

67
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

the division of the nervous system that functions involuntarily; innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands; also called involuntary nervous system.

68
Q

Axial skeleton

A

the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

69
Q

Axilla

A

armpit; pertaining to axillary region.

70
Q

Axis

A

(1) the second cervical vertebra; has a vertical projection called the dens around which the atlas rotates; (2) the imaginary line about which a joint or structure revolves.

71
Q

Axon

A

neuron process that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body; efferent process; the conducting portion of a nerve cell.

72
Q

Axon terminal

A

one of multiple ends of the axon that branch from the motor neuron axon; interacts with the sarcolemma of different muscle cells to form neuromuscular junctions.

73
Q

B cells

A

lymphocytes that oversee humoral immunity; their descendants differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells; also called B lymphocytes.

74
Q

Ball-and-socket joint

A

multiaxial synovial joint in which the rounded head of one bone fits into a socket (depression) on the other.

75
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

the rate at which energy is expended (heat produced) by the body per unit time under controlled (basal) conditions: 12 hours after a meal, at rest.

76
Q

Basal nuclei

A

gray matter areas deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres; also called basal ganglia.

77
Q

Base

A

(1) a substance that accepts hydrogen ions; proton acceptor; compare with acid; (2) the broad, posterosuperior aspect of the heart where large vessels enter or leave the heart; (3) the broad inferior area of each lung resting on the diaphragm.

78
Q

Basement membrane

A

a thin layer of extracellular material to which epithelial cells are attached in mucosa surfaces.

79
Q

Basilar membrane

A

the membrane in the cochlear duct that vibrates to transmit sound waves and also houses the receptor cells for hearing.

80
Q

Basophils

A

white blood cells whose granules stain deep blue with basic dye; have a relatively pale nucleus and granular-appearing cytoplasm.

81
Q

Benign

A

not malignant.

82
Q

Bicarbonate buffer system

A

system composed of bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) and its salt, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), that resists changes in blood pH.

83
Q

Bile

A

a greenish yellow or brownish fluid produced in and secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine.

84
Q

Blind spot

A

gap in vision caused by a lack of photoreceptors at the optic disc.

85
Q

Blood

A

liquid connective tissue composed of plasma and cells responsible for transporting substances such as nutrients and oxygen around the body.

86
Q

Blood pressure

A

the pressure exerted by blood against the inner walls of blood vessels.

87
Q

Blood sugar

A

the amount of glucose in the blood.

88
Q

Bone markings

A

surface features of bones where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach, and where blood vessels and nerves pass.

89
Q

Bone remodeling

A

the process of repairing or maintaining bone by adding or removing bone matrix in response to damage or mechanical stress.

90
Q

Bony callus

A

“splint” of spongy bone that replaces fibrocartilage callus during bone remodeling.

91
Q

Bony thorax

A

bones of the thorax, including ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae; also called thoracic cage.

92
Q

Brachial

A

pertaining to the arm.

93
Q

Bradycardia

A

slow heartrate, usually defined as a rate under 60 beats per minute.

94
Q

Brain stem

A

the portion of the brain consist- ing of the medulla, pons, and midbrain.

95
Q

Broad ligament

A

large ligament formed by a fold of peritoneum that encloses the ovaries and holds them in place, and suspends the uterus from the pelvis.

96
Q

Bronchioles

A

the smallest conducting passages in the lungs.

97
Q

Buccal

A

pertaining to the cheek.

98
Q

Buffer

A

a substance or substances that help to stabilize the pH of a solution

99
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

tiny glands inferior to the prostate that produce clear mucus that neutralizes urine prior to ejaculation.

100
Q

Burn

A

tissue damage resulting in cell death caused by electricity, chemicals, too much heat or UV radiation. Burns vary in degree of severity. See rule of nines.