Glossary in ANAPHY book pt. 1 Flashcards
Abdominal
pertaining to the anterior body trunk inferior to the ribs.
Accommodation
(1) adaptation in response to differences or changing needs; (2) adjustment of the eye for seeing objects at close range.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
a chemical transmitter substance released by certain nerve endings.
Acid
a substance that liberates hydrogen ions when in an aqueous solution; proton donor; compare with base.
Acid-base balance
the maintenance of proper pH in the body; involves buffers, the respiratory system, and the kidneys.
Acidosis
a condition in which the blood has an excess hydrogen ion concentration and a decreased pH; also called ketoacidosis.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
immunodeficiency caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacking T cells; symptoms include severe weight loss, night sweats, swollen lymph nodes, and opportunistic infections.
Acromial
pertaining to the point of the shoulder.
Acrosome
an enzyme-containing structure covering the nucleus of the sperm.
Actin
one of the principal contractile proteins found in muscle; makes up the thin filaments.
Action potential
an electrical event occurring when a stimulus of sufficient intensity is applied to a neuron or muscle cell, allowing sodium ions to move into the cell and reverse the polarity.
Active immunity
immunity produced by an encounter with an antigen; provides immunological memory.
Active site
region on the surface of a globular protein (such as an enzyme) where it interacts with other molecules of complementary shape and charge (such as substrate).
Active transport
net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration or electrical gradient; requires release and use of cellular energy.
Adaptive defense system
branch of the immune system that targets specific antigen; involves B and T lymphocytes and antigen- presenting cells; also called specific defense system.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
the compound that is the important intracellular energy source; cellular energy.
Adipose tissue
fat.
Adrenal glands
hormone-producing glands located superior to the kidneys; each consists of a medulla and a cortex.
Aerobic respiration
respiration in which oxygen is consumed and glucose is broken down entirely; water, carbon dioxide, and large amounts of ATP are the final products.
Afferent
carrying to or toward a center.
Agglutinins
antibodies in blood plasma that cause clumping of corpuscles or bacteria.
Agglutinogens
(1) antigens that stimulate the formation of a specific agglutinin; (2) antigens found on red blood cells that are responsible for determining the ABO blood group classification.
Albumin
a protein found in virtually all animals; the most abundant plasma protein.
Alkalosis
a condition in which the blood has a lower hydrogen ion concentration than normal and an increased pH.
Allergy
overzealous immune response to an otherwise harmless antigen, resulting in tissue damage; also called hypersensitivity.
Alveolus
(1) a general term referring to a small cavity or depression; (2) an air sac in the lungs.
Amino acid
an organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the building block of protein.
Amphiarthrosis
a slightly movable joint.
Anabolism
the energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances.
Anaerobic glycolysis
a process in which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen, resulting in the formation of 2 ATP molecules and lactic acid.
Anatomical position
reference point for regional and directional terminology; standing, feet parallel, palms facing forward.
Anatomy
the science of the structure of living organisms.
Anemia
reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood caused by a decreased number of erythrocytes or decreased percentage of hemoglobin in the blood.
Antebrachial
pertaining to the forearm.
Antecubital
anterior surface of the elbow.
Antibody
a specialized substance produced by the body that can provide immunity against a specific antigen.
Antigen (Ag)
any substance — including toxins, foreign proteins, or bacteria — that, when introduced to the body, is recognized as foreign and activates the immune system.
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
cells that display portions of foreign antigens to T cells; include dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes.
Antimicrobial proteins
defensive proteins that assist the innate defenses by attacking microbes directly or by preventing their reproduction; see complement and interferon.
Aorta
the major systemic artery; arises from the left ventricle of the heart.