Glossary e-h Flashcards
eating disorder
bad eating pattern - threatens a persons physical / psychological health
eccentric
isotonic muscle contraction - muscle lengthens against a resistance when it is stimulated.
known as negative work/rep
edema
swelling from an excessive accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the body
ejection fraction
percentage of total volume of blood that is pumped from the left ventricle during the systolic contraction of the heart
elasticity
temporary/recoverable elongation of the heart
elastin
protein, similar to collagen, found in connective tissue that has elastic properties
electrolyte
mineral exists as a charged ion in the body. important for normal cellular function.
emotional arousal
state of heightened emotional, physiological behavior
empathy
understanding what they are experiencing from your own perspective
emphysema
obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by gradual destruction of lung alveoli and the surrounding connective tissue, airway inflammation, leading to reduced ability to effectively breathe
employee
person who works for a boss
End-diastolic volume
volume of blood at the end of the cardiac filling cycle (diastole)
endocrine
refers to the gland or the substance secreted directly into the systemic circulation.
endomysium
layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers and contains capillaries, nerves, and lymphatics.
endosteum
soft tissue lining the internal surface of the diaphysis on a long bone
endothelial dysfunction
imbalance between vasodilating and vasoconstricting substances produced by the endothelium (inner lining of blood vessels) which can lead to atherosclerosis
enzyme
protein that speeds up a specific chemical reaction
epimysium
layer of connective tissue that encloses the entire muscle and is continuous with the fascia and other connective tissue wrappings of muscle. including the endomysium and perimysium.
epinephrine
hormone released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise AKA adrenaline
epiphyseal cartilage
cartilaginous layer between the head and shaft of a long bone where bone growth occurs. Growth Plate.
epiphysis
end of a long bone, wider than the shaft
episiotomy
incision made in the perineum-tissue between the vaginal opening and the anus - during childbirth
ergogenic
intended to enhance physical performance, stamina or recovery
ergonomic
designed for efficiency and comfort in the working environment
Essential amino acid
8-10 to 10-23 different amino acids needed to make proteins. essential because the body can’t make them. They come from diet.
essential body fat
necessary for maintenance of body life & reproductive function
essential hypertension
primary hypertension that is without an identifiable cause
estimated average requirement EAR
an adequate intake in 50% of an age group sex specific
estrogen
estrus-producing steroid compounds produced primarily in the ovaries; female sex hormone
euhydration
state of normal body water content
evaporation
molecules in a liquid state (water) become gases
eversion
rotation of the foot to direct the plantar surface outward; occurs in frontal plane
evidence based practice
informed decisions and taking action based on the available decisions
exculpatory clause
clause within a waiver that bars the potential plaintiff from recovery
exercise-induced bronchoconstriction EIB
loss of air & difficulty breathing during exercise due to too much cold, hot or both air. occurs during exercise & can last about 10-15 minutes
expiration
exhaling
express partnership
partnership created through a formal contract
extension
straightening a joint. usually applied to the muscular movement of a limb
external rotation
outward turning of the vertical axis of the bone
extinction
removing a positive stimulus that has previous followed a behavior
extrinsic feedback
information received from another person to you
extrinsic motivation
motivation that comes from an external rewards - material/social
fartlek training
speed play - randomly changes the aerobic intensity based on how one feels. interval training
fascia
connective tissue that develops & isolates the muscles of the body & providing structural support and protection
fascicle
bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium
fasciitis
inflammation of fascia
fast twitch muscle fiber
Type II Fiber - low oxidative capacity but a high glycolytic capacity; for rapid, powerful movements such as jumping throwing & sprinting
fat
essential fat that provides energy & energy storage. 1 gram of fat equals 9 kcal
fat oxidation
metabolic pathway of breaking down fatty acids when in the presence of oxygen to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate ATP
fat free mass FFM
body composition that represents everything but fat. blood bones connective tissue organs & muscle. aka Lean body mass
fatty acid
long hydrocarbon chain with even # of carbons & varying degrees of saturation with hydrogen
feedback
giving corrective/incorrectness of a response.
femoral anteversion
congenital condition - femur is rotated inward (medially)
fiber
carbohydrate chains in the body that cannot break down for use & pass through the body undigested
first ventilatory threshold VT1
aerobic exercise - ventilation starts to increase in a non-linear fashion in response to an accumulation of metabolic by products in the blood
flexibility
ability to move joints through their full range of movements
flexion
moving a joint so the two bones forming it are brought closer together
flow through taxation
financial loss & profit flow directly to the investors from the business
foramina
holes/openings in the bones or body cavities
force couple relationship
situations where muscles work together to achieve a balanced movement
fracture
break in the continuity of the bone.
franchise
like mcdonalds/vasa
free radical
can damage DNA, cause cancer & it is a chemical group that has unshared electrons available for reaction
frontal plane
divides body into anterior & posterior
frostbite
freezing of the skin/underlying tissues
skin becomes cold & red..then numb, hard & pale.
fructose
fruit sugar. sweetest monosaccharides
gait
style of walking
ganglia
nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervouse system
gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD
chronic condition with the lower esophageal spincter allows gastric acids to reflux into the esophagus causing heartburn, acid indigestion & possible injury to esophageal lining
gemelli
posterior hip muscles that when activated contribute to external rotation of the femur in acetabulum
general partnership
each partner assumes management responsibility & unlimited liability
general supervision
employee/work does not require constant supervision
genu valgum
knock knee deformity where the angulation distal to the knee is away from the midline of the body
gestational diabetes mellitus
inability to maintain normal glucose or any during pregnancy. despite being treated with diet or insulin
ghrelin
hormone produced in stomach- stimulates appetite
glucose
simple sugar- all carbohydrates are used as the body’s energy source
glycogen
chief carb storage material. formed in the liver & stored in liver & muscles
glycogen sparing
use of non-carbohydrates as a source of energy during exercise so that the depletion of muscle glycogen stores is delayed. example - use fat for energy during running. 2nd wind
glycolysis
breakdown of glucose or of its storage form glycogen
goal setting theory
developed by edwin locke & gary latham that identified a connection between the establishment of goals tasks
golgi-mazzoni corpuscle
specialized mechanoreceptor located in the joint capsule responsible for detecting joint compression.
golgi tendon organ GTO
sensory organ that causes inhibition of the entire muscle group to protect against too much force
green exercise
performed in natural areas
gross neglegence
a waiver clause cannot prevent a suit for gross negligence. the worst of the worst.
ground reaction force
force exerted by the ground when a body makes contact with it
group waiver
waiver includes lines for multiple signatrues
growth hormone
secreted by pituitary gland that facilitates prtein syntheses in the body
guiding style
personal trainer is engaged but the client is the main player
gynoid
adipose tissue or body fat distributed on the hips or the lower body. ( pear shaped individuals)
health belief model
an individuals decision to adopt healthy behaviors is based upon their perception of susceptibility to an illness and the severity of it.
health claim
statement that describes the relationship between food and the prevention/treatment of a disease
health equity
fair & equal opportunity for every individual to attain their highest level of health
health insurance portability and accountability act HIPPA
1996 act to protect the personal informance of all clients regarding health/patient care
healthy mediterranean-style eating pattern
usda food patterns associated with positive healthy eating outcomes
healthy US eating patterns
based on types and proportions of foods americans consume. nutrients
healhty vegetarian eating pattern
eating vegetables.
heart disease
structural function/abnormality of the heart/blood vessels supplying the heart that impairs its normal functioning
heart rate
heart beats per minute
heart rate reserve HRR
the hearts ability to increase the rate of beating and cardiac output above resting level to maximal intensity
heat exhaustion
most common heat related incident. result of intense exercise in a hot humid environment and profuse sweating. result in fluid & electrolyte loss, drop in blood pressure, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, decreased coordination and often syncope (fainting)
