Glossary a - d Flashcards
Abdominal Fat
Visceral Fat
Abdominal Obesity
Excessive storage of stomach fat. Men >40” & Women >35”
Abduction
Movement AWAY from the midline body
Absolute Strength
Maximum weight that someone can lift 1 time.
Absorption
Uptake of nutrients across a tissue or membrane by the gastrointestinal tract.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)
Range of intake for a particular energy source that is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing intakes of essential nutrients.
Acclimation
Physiological adaption to an unfamiliar environment and an achievement of a new steady state
Acetylcholine
White crystalline neurotransmitter and derivative of choline that is released at the ends of nerve fibers in the somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems and is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses in the body.
Actin
contractile protein in a myofibril
Action
Model of behavior change to actually engage in activities that started less than 6 months ago.
Active Listening
Listening when listener is concerned about the content. Intent and feelings of the message.
Active Recover
Continuing to move post workout/exercise but at a lower intensity.
Activities of daily living (ADL)
Activities normally performed like brushing teeth, sitting up, standing, shopping etc.
Acute
A rapid onset and a relatively short and severe course of injury. Opposite of Chronic.
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
resulting from an Acute Obstruction of a coronary artery
Adduction
Movement TOWARD the midline of the body.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
high energy phosphate required to provide energy for cellular function. Produced both aerobically and anaerobically stored in the body.
Adequate Intake (AI)
Recommended nutrient intake level that is deemed for good health
Adherence
Extent to when people follow their plan
Adhesion
Fibrous band of scar tissue forming between 2 surfaces
Adipocyte
A fat cell
Adiponectin
hormone that facilitates the action of insulin by sending blood glucose into the body’s cells for storage or use as fuel, thus increasing the cells’ insulin sensitivity or glucose metabolism.
Adipose
Fat cells stored in fatty tissues in the body
Adulterated
A supplement that presents a “significant or unreasonable risk of illness or injury” when used as stated or under normal circumstances.
Aerobic
presence of oxygen
Affiliate
facility or business that is connected to a larger organization or company
Affirmation
positive statements to accentuate a client’s strengths or effort
Agility
ability to move quickly and easily. Skill related
Agonist
Muscle directly responsible for observed movement; also called prime mover.
Agreement to participate
Document that states a client is aware of inherent risks
Air displacement plethysmography (ADP)
Use air displacement to measure the total body composition instead of water.
Allergen
substance that can cause an allergic reaction by stimulating type-1 hypersensitivity
Altitude Sickness
Illness presented by changing altitudes from low-high quickly without acclimating to it. Includes shortness of breathe, headache, lightheadedness, nausea.
Alveoli
Primary sites of gas exchange between the lungs and the blood. A spherical extension of the respiratory bronchioles.
Ambient Temperature
Room temperature
Ambivalence
Having mixed feelings about change
Amino Acid
Nitrogen-containing compound that is a building block of protein.
Amortization phase
Transition period between eccentric and concentric actions during plyometrics. Contributes to power development
Anabolic
Muscle building effects
Anaerobic
Without presence of oxygen
Anaerobic Efficiency
Ability to use the energy systems that do not require oxygen to contribute to the total energy needs during physical activity.
Anaerobic Glycolysis
metabolic pathway that uses glucose for energy production without oxygen. Referred to as lactic acid system and lactic acid is produced as a by-product
Anatomical position
standing erect with arms hanging by the side and head, eyes, feet and palms facing forward
Android
(apple shaped individuals) Adipose tissue or body fat distributed in the abdominal area
Anemia
reduction in the # of red blood cells &/or quantity of hemoglobin per volume of blood below normal values.
Anemic
same as Anemia
Aneurysm
localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel; associated with a stroke when the aneurysm bursts
Angina
common symptom or Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Chest pain, tightness, or radiating pain resulting from lack of blood flow to the heart muscle
Angioplasty
Surgical procedure that involves inserting a catheter into a blocked coronary artery. Narrow balloon is then inflated inside the artery to widen it.
Also called, “Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
Class of drugs used to treat high blood pressure by keeping Angiotensin II from binding with angiotensin II receptors and allowing blood vessels to dilate.
Ankylosing spondylitis
Inflammatory arthritis of the spine. may progress to bony ankylosis with slipping of vertebral margins. More common in males.
Anorexia
eating disorder. intense fear of gaining weight or behaviors that might cause weight gain. Restriction of nutrient intake.
Antagonist
Muscle that acts in the opposite to the contraction of the prime mover muscle. (quad - hamstring)
Antecedent
variable/factor that precedes and influences a clients behavior
Anterior
Toward the front. Same as Ventral; opposite of posterior.
ACL - Anterior Cruciate Ligament
primary stabilizing ligament that travels from the medial border of the lateral femoral condyle to the anterolateral medial tibial spine.
Anterior Shin Splints
Pain in the anterior (front) muscles of the shin. Occurs from sudden changes or exertional activity.
Anthropometry
measurement of the size and portions of the human body.
Antihistamine
class of drugs that blocks histamine receptors involved in the allergic response.
Antioxidant
substance the prevents or repairs oxidative damage. (vitamins, carotenoids, selenium, ubiquinone, and bioflavonoids
anxiety
state of uneasiness and apprehension; occurs in some mental disorders
Aorta
major artery of the cardiovascular system. arises from the left ventricle of the heart
Apnea
temporary absence or cessation of breathing. (when sleeping it’s called sleep apnea)
appendicular skeleton
bones of the upper and lower limbs and the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic (hip) girdles.
applied force
external force acting on a system (body or body segment)
arrhythmia
disturbance in the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.
Can be symptoms of serious heart disease.
arteriole
small blood vessel that branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries. primary site of vascular resistance.
arteriosclerosis
chronic disease - thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls result in impaired blood circulation. - develops in aging, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and other conditions
artery
blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
arthritis
inflammation of the joint
articulation
a joint
associative stage of learning
second stage of learning a motor skill, when performers begin to master the fundamentals and can concentrate on skill refinement
asthma
chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. Affects genetically susceptible individuals in response to various triggers. viral infection, exercise, cold, allergens and stress
asymptomatic
without presence of symptoms
ataxia
failure of muscular coordination. no muscular action
atherogenesis
formation of atheromatous deposits, especially on the innermost layer of the arterial wall
atherosclerosis
accumulation of fatty material on the inner walls of the arteries, causing them to harden, thicken, and lose elasticity. A form of arteriosclerosis.
atherosclerotic heart disease
the end result of atherosclerotic plaques within the coronary arteries that supply the muscle of the heart with oxygen and nutrients.
athletic trainer
healthcare professional of athletes.
atria
1 of 2 upper chambers of the heart. (right and left)
Atrium
Same as atria.
Atrophy
reduction in muscle size due to inactivity or immobilization
auscultation
listening to the internal sounds of the body (heartbeat) using a stethoscope
autogenic inhibition
automatic reflex relaxation cause by stimulation of the golgi tendon organ
autoimmune disease
any of a group of disorders in which tissue injury is associated with the body’s responses to its own constituents; may be systematic
automated external defibrillator (AED)
portable electronic device used to restore normal heart rhythms in victims of sudden cardiac arrest
autonomic nervous system
regulates involuntary body functions, including the activity of the cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands.
2 divisions; sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
autonomous motivation
engaging in activity out of free will and desire to do so.
autonomous stage of learning
3rd stage of learning a motor skill. Habitual or automatic.
autonomy
capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision
avascular
lack of blood vessels
axial skeleton
bones of the head, neck and trunk
axis of rotation
imaginary line/point which an object/joint rotates
axon
nerve fiber that conducts nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body. efferent nerve fiber.
Balance
ability to maintain the body’s composition over its base of support. Stability
ballistic stretching
dynamic stretching characterize by rhythmic bobbing or bouncing motions representing relatively high-force short duration movements
bariatric surgery
variety of surgical procedures to induce weight lose. (gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy…)
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
energy required to complete the sum total of life sustaining processes. - ion transport, protein synthesis, daily function, circulation and nutrient processing.
base of support (BOS)
areas of contact between the feet and their supporting surface and the area between feet.
basic activities of daily living
anything you do in your daily life physically.
behavior chain
sequence of events before and after a target behavior that helps explain and reinforce it. like participation in exercise session.
benign
non-cancerous growth or tumor. Does not spread to other tissues. not life threatening.
beta blocker
medication that limits sympathetic nervous system stimulation. SLOWS HEART RATE and DECREASEs MAXIMAL HR
beta cell
cell responsible for secreting the hormone INSULIN, which lowers the glucose levels in the blood.
binge eating disorder
feelings of being out of control when eating. Frequents binge eating (without throwing up)
bioavailability
substance can be absorbed and efficiently utilized by the body
bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
approach for body-compensation measurement and assessment. based on the obstruction of flow of an alternating current as it moves through parts of the body.
blood pressure (BP)
measured in millimeters of mercury with a sphygmomanometer. PRESSURE exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries.
body composition
makeup of the body in terms of BMI, lean muscle mass etc. measurements
body fat
primary component is to store energy for later use.
body fat percentage
(Fat mass / by total body mass ) x 100 = BF%
proportion of BF to LeanMuscleMass
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Measure of body height to body weight used to determine levels of obesity or normal weight.
Bolus
food and saliva digestive mix that is swallowed and then moved through the digestive track
Bone Density
bone mineral density
bone deposition
process in which calcium, phosphate and other ions are taken from blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue.
bone formation
processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue, including remodeling and resorption
bone mineral density (BMD)
Measurement of minerals contained in a certain volume of bone.
bone resorption
dissolving of bone
branched-chain amino acid BCAA
essential amino acid that inhibits muscle protein breakdown and aids in muscle glycogen storage. BCAAs are valine, leucine, and isoleucine.
broadcast music, Inc. BMI
1 of 2 performing rights societies in the U.S. that represent music publishers in negotiating and collecting fees for the nondramatic performing of music.
bronchi
2 large branches of the trachea leading into the lungs
bronchiole
smallest tubes that supply air to the alveoli (air sacks) of the lungs
bronchitis
acute/chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes
bronchoconstriction
constriction of the airways in the lungs caused by the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath.
bronchodilator
medication inhaled to dilate(enlarge) and relax the constricted bronchial smooth muscle.
buffering capacity
ability of muscles to neutralize the acid that accumulates in them during high-intensity exercise, thus delaying the onset of fatigue.
bulimia
eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of uncontrolled binge eating; recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior such as self induced vomiting, laxative misuse, etc…
bursa
sac of fluid that is present in areas of the body that have a lot of friction.
bursitis
swelling and inflammation in the bursa that results from overuse.
calcaneal eversion
movement of the plantar surface of the calcaneus laterally away from the midline of the body.
calcium channel blocker
class of blood pressure medication that relaxes and widens the blood vessels
calorie
measurement of the amount of energy in food available.
capillary
smallest type of blood vessel that supplies blood to the tissues and the site of all gas and nutrient exchange in the cardiovascular system. Capillaries connect the arterial and venous systems.
carbohydrate
body’s preferred energy source. simple and complex are stored a glycogen in the muscles and liver and is transported in the blood as glucose.
carbohydrate loading
up to a week long regimen of manipulating intensity of training and carbohydrate intake to achieve maximum glycogen storage for an endurance race.
cardiac cycle
period of the beginning from one heart beat to the beginning of the next beat.
Systolic and diastolic phases and interval in between.
cardiac muscle
type of involuntary striated muscle tissue that makes up the walls of the heart and provides continuous rhythm action known as heart contractions.
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute; usually expressed in liters of blood per minute.
cardiac reserve
work that the heart is able to perform under its ordinary circumstances
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation CPR
procedure to support and maintain breathing and circulation for a person who has stopped breathing. etc.
cardiorespiratory fitness
ability to perform large muscle movement over sustained period; capacity of the heart and lung system to deliver oxygen for sustained energy production. endurance/aerobic.
cardiovascular disease CVD
general term for the heart, blood vessels, or circulation
cardiovascular drift
changes in observed cardiovascular variables that occur during prolonged, submaximal exercise without change in workload
carpal tunnel syndrome
pathology of the wrist and hand that occurs when the median nerve, which extends from the forearm into the hand, becomes compressed at the wrist.
cartilage
smooth, semi-opaque material that absorbs shock and reduces friction between the bones of a joint.
casein
main protein found in milk and other dairy products
catabolic
breaking down of tissue, or catabolism. refers to the decrease in lean tissue, muscle.
catabolism
break down molecules into smaller units and release energy
catecholamine
hormone (epinephrine / norepinephrine) released as part of the sympathetic response to exercise
c-corporation
various investors and designed to operate in multiple countries
cellular acidosis
decrease in muscle PH 7 cause by accumulation of protons in the muscle cells. caused from the splitting of Adenosine Triphosphate into adenosine Diphosphate. Each time it splits, a hydrogen ion is released.
Center of gravity
center of mass
center of mass
point around which all weight is evenly distributed Center of gravity
central nervous system CNS
brain and spinal cord
cerebral vascular disease
one of a group of brain dysfunctions related to disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain.
certification
credentials after testing and passing
change talk
statements reflecting a desire to change
cholesterol
fatlike substance found in the blood tissues and in certain foods. can accumulate in the arteries and lead to a narrowing of the vessels (atherosclerosis).
chondromalacia
gradual softening and degeneration of the articular cartilage usually involving the back surface of the patella (kneecap). may produce pain and swelling or a grinding sound or sensation when the knee is flexed and extended.
chondromalacia patella
inflammation of the underside of the patella kneecap and softening of the cartilage that is associated with the knee pain.
chronic
condition that persists a long period of time. opposite of accute
chronic bronchitis
inflamed bronchiole tubes, increased mucus secretion and a productive cough lasting several months - years.
chronic disease
disease state that persists over an extended period of time.
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
similar to asthma bronchitis or emphysema - an obstruction of air flow.
chylomicron
large lipoprotein particle that transfers fat from food from the small intestine to the liver and adipose tissue.
circuit training
series of exercise stations, with brief rest intervals in between; can emphasize muscular endurance, aerobic conditioning, muscular strength, or combo of all 3+
claudication
Cramplike pains in the calves caused by poor circulation of blood to the leg muscles; associated with peripheral vascular disease.
closed kinetic chain exercise
movement where the distal segment of the target body part is more fixed; generally considered more functional, as they mimic daily activities closely. (squats)
co-contraction
mutual coordination of antagonist muscles ( such as flexors and extensors) to maintain a position
cognition
current thought or feeling that can function as an antecedent or consequence for overt behaviors
cognitive behavior therapy
form of psychotherapy that focuses on how thoughts and feelings influence behavior
cognitive distortion
unproductive thought process that can paralyze a client when making a positive and lasting behavioral change
cognitive domain
1 of 3 domains of learning; describes intellectual activities and involves the learning knowledge
cognitive stage of learning
1st stage of learning. performs make many errors and has extremely variable performance.
collagen
main constituent of connective tissue - ligaments, tendons, and muscles
comorbidity
disorder/disease in addition to a primary disease/disorder
comparative negligence
system used to distribute fault between injured party & any defendant
competence
having necessary ability, knowledge, skill to do something. 1 of 3 basic psychological needs that influence motivation, according to self determination theory.
complex carbohydrate
long chain of sugar that takes more time to digest than a simple carb
compound set
resistance-training approach involving the performance of 2+ exercise for the same muscle or muscle group in rapid succession
computed tomography (CT)
X-Ray scanner used to exam soft tissue. Records slices of body with CT scanner. A cross sectional image is then formed by computer integration.
concentric
isotonic muscle contraction in which the muscle develops tension and shortens when stimulated. (bicep curl)
concussion
traumatic brain injury - caused by the head/brain to move rapidly back & forth by force
conduction
direct flow of heat through a material resulting from physical contact
congestive heart failure
heart cannot pump blood at a sufficient rate to meet the metabolic demand. resulting in lung congestion
connective tissue
tissue that binds together and supports various structures of the body. Ligaments & tendons are connective tissue.
consequence
variable that occurs following a target behavior that influences a persons future behavior/decisions.
contemplation
individual weighs the pros & cons of behavioral change
contract
binding agreement between 2+ parties
contractile protein
protein myofilaments that are essential for muscle contraction
contracture
abnormal or usually permanent contraction of a muscle characterized by high resistance to passive stretching
contraindication
condition that renders particular movement, activity or treatment improper/undesirable
contributory negligence
plaintiff’s negligence contributed to the act of dispute in a legal case
controlled motivation
doing a task when pressured, motivated, demand, coercion
convection
transfer of heat through surrounding air or water molecules.
coordination
ability to use different parts of the body together
coronary artery disease (CAD)
major form of cardiovascular disease; results when coronary arteries are narrowed or occluded.
most common by atherosclerotic deposits of fibrous and fatty tissues.. also called Coronary heart disease
corporate veil
legal doctrine shields individual investors in corporations from legal liability beyond their initial investments
corporation
legal entity. independent of it’s owners & regulated by state laws. owned through shares issued by the business
cortical bone
compact, dense bone that is found in the shafts of long bones and vertebral endplates
cortisol
hormone (stress hormone) increases blood pressure & blood glucose levels. has an immunosuppressive action
creatine phosphate
storage form of high phosphate in muscle cells that can be used to immediately resynthesize adenosine triphosphate ATP
creep
tendency of connective tissue to slowly deform permanently (or lengthen) under the influence of applied stress such as a stretching force.
crimp
zigzag structure of collagen, gradually straightens out when the tissue is subjected to high tensile forces.
cultural competence
work effectively with different cultures
cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin & mucous membranes due to reduced hemoglobin in the blood.
Cytokine
hormone-like low molecular weight proteins, that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses and are involved in cell-cell communications.
decisional balance
1 of 4 components of transtheoretical model of behavioral change. Refers to the numbers of pros & cons an individual perceives regarding adopting and/or maintaining an activity program.
Deep
anatomical term meaning internal, beneath the skin
dehydration
losing body water, life threatening
delayed-onset muscle soreness DOMS
soreness that occurs 24-48 hours after strenuous exercise
dendrite
portion of nerve fiber that transmits impulses toward a nerve cell body. receptive portion of nerve cell
Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA
large, double stranded helix molecule. Genetic carrier
depression
action of lowering a muscle/bone or movement in a downward direction
general emotional - sadness
detraining
reversal of adaptation to exercise.
diabetes
disease of carbohydrate metabolism in which an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin results in an inability to metabolize carbohydrates normally.
diaphragm
muscle for inspiration. only skeletal muscle considered essential for life.
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
diastasis recti
separation/tear of the recti abdominal muscles along the midline of the body. (tear in tummy muscles)
diastole
period of filling the heart between contractions, resting phase of the heart
diastolic blood pressure DBP
indicator of total peripheral resistance by measuring the pressure in the arteries during the relaxation (diastole) phase of the cardiac cycle
dietary approaches to stop Hypertension Eating Plan
DASH
Eating plan designed to reduce blood pressure, lower risk of coronary heart disease and can be adopted by nearly anyone
Dietary Reference Intake DRI
generic term to reference 3 types of nutrient values.
RDA - recommended dietary allowance
EAR - Estimated average Requirement
UL - Tolerable Upper intake Level
Dietary Supplement
Product that functions to support the diet (supplement with vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acid, increases daily intake metabolite, constituent, extract, etc.
dietary supplement health and education Act DSHEA
1994 Bill passed by congress to set regulations and guidelines for dietary supplements
Digestion
process of breaking down food in order to absorb its nutrients
diminishing returns
principle states after a certain level of performance has been achieved the effectiveness of training to further a persons performance level declines.
directing style
communication style - personal trainer leads, tells & decides. Lead player
client is the passive player.
distal
farthest from the midline of the body or from the point of origin of a muscle
diuretic
medication that increases urine volume & sodium excretion.
dorsiflexion
movement of the foot up towards the shin
dose-response relationship
direct association of the amount of a stimulus and the magnitude of the desired outcome. (you get what you put into)
double-progression training protocal
progressing the intensity of a muscular training program using first an increase in the number of repetitions performed with a given load and 2nd an increase in mount of weight lifted using increments of 5%
double taxation
imposing taxation on corporate earnings at both the corporate level and again as a stockholder dividen
dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA
use of low dose radiation to measure bone density. used to measure overall body fat & regional differences in body fat
Dynamic balances
act of maintaining postural control while moving
dynamic stretching
stretching that involves taking joints through movements while continuously moving. best for warming up with similar joint movements in the exercise.
dyslipidemia
conditioned characterized by abnormal blood lipid profiles; may include elevated cholesterol, triglyceride, or low density lipoprotein levels LDL / high density lipoprotein levels HDL
dyspnea
shortness of breath; difficulty / distress
