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glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Abbasids (750–1258)

A

one of two great caliphates during
Islam’s Golden Age; named after one of Muhammad’s
uncles; overthrew the Umayyads, the first great
caliphate

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2
Q

Abolitionists

A

African, European, and U.S. activists
who opposed slavery in all forms and since at least the
1500s worked to end it

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3
Q

Abolition

A

movement to end slavery and the transatlantic

slave trade

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4
Q

Abu Talib (?–619)

A

the uncle who raised Muhammad,

the Prophet of Islam

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5
Q

Abyssinia

A

– the ancient name for Ethiopia

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6
Q

Acropolis

A

in southern Africa, part of Great Zimbabwe

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7
Q

Adinkra

A

symbols created by the Asante to represent

concepts; Gye Nyame is the most famous

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8
Q

African slavery

A

bondage within African societies in
which slaves had rights to marry and raise families;
their children were often born free; they provided
functions of servitude and reproduction; see chattel
slavery

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9
Q

Leo (al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan al-Fasi)

1485–1554

A

a Moor who in 1518 was captured
by pirates and given to Pope Leo X as a present; he
was freed by the pope and took his name at baptism;
later published Description of Africa, which described
Songhay; family name was al-Hasan ibn Muhammad
al-Wazzan al-Fasi

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10
Q

Aristotle (384–322 bce)

A

a Greek philosopher who

thought highly of Egypt and Abyssinia (Ethiopia)

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11
Q

Ardrah

A

the center of the slave trade of the Aja ethnic

group in southwestern Nigeria

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12
Q

Anokye

A

the priest who with Osei Tutu created the
legend of the Golden Stool and unified the Asante
ethnic group under Osei Tutu in c. 1695

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13
Q

Anglo-Asante Wars (1824–1900)

A

the series of five

wars between Great Britain and the Asante

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14
Q

Almoravids

A

northern Muslim Berbers who in 1042

invaded and conquered ancient Ghana

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15
Q

Allah

A

Arabic word for the one god

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16
Q

Ali (601–661)

A

Muhammad’s cousin, son-in-law, and

fourth caliph; revered by both Sunni and Shia Muslims

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17
Q

Al-Azhar University

A

a university founded in 970 in
Cairo; Al-Azhar is Sunni Islam’s most important
university in Africa and arguably the Muslim world

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18
Q

Akosombo Dam

A

the Ghanaian hydroelectric dam on

the Volta River that opened in 1966

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19
Q

Akan

A

one of three West African gold fields located in
the forest and savanna of present-day Ghana; the other
two are Bambuk and Bure; also a language group

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20
Q

Agades

A

city in Niger some 720 due east of Timbuktu;

also Agadez

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21
Q

Afro-Pessimists

A

those who believe Africa has so many

problems that the foreseeable future is grim

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22
Q

Afrocentrism

A

the perception of life through African

eyes inside African culture and environments

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23
Q

Afro-Asiatic

A

one of five major language groups of

Africa

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24
Q

Ark of the Covenant

A

the Old Testament belief of a
sacred Jewish wooden chest carried by poles in which
two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments are
stored

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25
Q

Bamba, Amadou (1850–1927)

A

– the founder of the

Murids, a Sufi order in Senegal

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26
Q

Bambuk

A

one of three West African gold fields; located
between the Senegal and Faleme Rivers; the other
two are Bure and Akan

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27
Q

Bantu

A

refers to about 535 languages in the Niger-
Congo language family that spread across Africa

eastward and southward beginning around 1000 bce;
today about 180 million Africans are Bantu speakers
at some level

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28
Q

Baobab

A

African trees from the genus Adansonia; major

symbol of the West African Sahel

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29
Q

Bedouins

A

the nomadic Arab ethnic group of the desert

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30
Q

Berbers

A

North African ethnic group from the Sanhaja

region that conquered ancient Ghana

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31
Q

Berlin Conference (1884–85)

A

the meeting of fourteen
Western powers who agreed on thirty-eight articles
to settle their trade and colonial disputes in Africa; no
Africans were present

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32
Q

Bernal, Martin Gardiner (1937–2013)

A

argued in Black
Athena that ancient Greek civilization was partly based
on Pharaonic Egyptian and Phoenician civilizations;
stated that Eurocentric scholars had severed that link
because of nineteenth-century notions of European
imperial supremacy and pseudoscientific racism

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33
Q

Arquebus

A

a forerunner of the rifle used against the

defenders of Songhay in 1590

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34
Q

Asante

A

a major West African ethnic group in the
southern half of present-day Ghana who participated
in the slave trade; capital is Kumasi; engaged in five
wars against the British

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35
Q

Asantehene

A

the title of a ruling Asante leader

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36
Q

Asiento

A

the asiento or transferable contract originated
in the fifteenth-century whereby the papacy awarded
Portugal the monopoly of European trade with
Africa; by 1518 the Spanish began issuing asientos to
entrepreneurs, companies, or other governments to
supply African slaves to Spanish colonies in America

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37
Q

Askia, Mohammed (?–1537)

A

the West African leader
of Songhay who expanded its territory, improved the
structure of government, and reformed Islam

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38
Q

Asma’u, Nana (1793–1864)

A

the important West
African Muslim woman, teacher, and Sufi who
provided female leadership for theSokoto Caliphate
in present-day northwest Nigeria

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39
Q

Assimilation

A

in French Africa the process by which
Africans adopted French culture; was a component of
direct rule

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40
Q

Biafra

A

the southeastern Igbo region of Nigeria that
seceded in 1967; it was forced to rejoin Nigeria in
1970 after losing the Nigerian Civil War; at least one
million Igbos lost their lives, many to starvation

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41
Q

Bilma

A

the famous salt source for Tuareg caravans headed

south to trade with the Hausa in northern Nigeria

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42
Q

blue nile

A

one of two major tributaries of the Nile
River; originates in Lake Tana, Ethiopia, and joins
the White Nile at Khartoum, Sudan

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43
Q

Bonsu, Osei (1779–1824)

A

– the Asantehene who in 1820
voiced his opposition to the 1807 British ban on the
Atlantic slave trade

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44
Q

Book of the Dead

A

Egyptian sacred literature dating from
c. 1500 bce that laid out the path to eternal afterlife
after death

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45
Q

Bori

A

traditional African religion led by Hausa women

during the Sokoto Caliphate

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46
Q

Brookes

A

the notorious slave ship whose illustrations
of decks and shackled prone slaves were used by abolitionists to generate awareness of the cruelty of
the transatlantic slave trade and slavery in general

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47
Q

Bahia, Brazil

A

an important region for Portuguese

plantation slavery for sugar production

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48
Q

Ayatollah

A

a Muslim Shia leader who rules in the place
of the “hidden” Imam until his return; means “sign of
Allah”

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49
Q

Axum

A

– the ancient capital of Abyssinia (Ethiopia)

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50
Q

Awdughast

A

a transshipment center in the Sahel on the

northern border of ancient Ghana

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51
Q

Austronesian

A

one of five major language groups of

Africa

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52
Q

Atlantic slave trade

A

the maritime trade in Africans as a

commodity to the Americas or Europe

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53
Q

Augustine of Hippo (354–430)

A

born in what is now
Algeria, he was the Christian church father who
advocated for the concept of predestination and
provided many of the basic ideas of modern Roman
Catholicism

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54
Q

Bure

A

– one of three West African gold fields located near
the upper Niger River; the other two are Bambuk and
Akan

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55
Q

Zimbabwe

A

the southern African country in which

Great Zimbabwe is located; means “house of stone”

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56
Q

Yoruba

A

the major Nigerian ethnic group that
participated in the transatlantic slave trade; created
the Oyo kingdom in southwestern Nigeria

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57
Q

Yellow fever

A

a viral infection transmitted by mosquito;

impeded the European conquest of tropical Africa

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58
Q

Yathrib

A

the city some 270 miles north of Mecca where
Muhammad and his followers migrated in 622; soon
after their arrival Yathrib was renamed Medina

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59
Q

Y chromosomal DNA

A

the part of DNA that showed
African men to have the oldest genetic markers; only
fathers pass this genetic code to their offspring

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60
Q

Xhosa

A

– the major ethnic group and language of Bantu-

speakers in South Africa

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61
Q

Wolseley, Garnet (1833–1913)

A

the British officer whose
forces defeated the Asante in the Anglo-Asante War
of 1874

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62
Q

Wilson, Allan (1934–91)

A

with Rebecca Cann and
Mark Stoneking carried out the mtDNA study in
1987 that placed human origins in Africa

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63
Q

Wilberforce, William (1759–1833)

A

the member of
Parliament who led the political campaign to abolish
the transatlantic slave trade; resulted in the Slave
Trade Act of 1807

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64
Q

Whydah

A

the major slave trading center conquered by

Dahomey in 1727

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65
Q

White Nile

A

one of two major tributaries of the Nile;
originates in Lake Victoria-Nyanza on the western
border of Kenya and joins the Blue Nile at Khartoum,
Sudan

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66
Q

Wangara

A

Bambuk sellers of gold to Ghanaian merchants

who transported it to Sijilmasa

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67
Q

Ummah

A

the Arabic word for the entire worldwide

Muslim community; first established at Medina

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68
Q

Timbuktu

A

a major embarkation port for caravans
traveling north across the Sahara Desert to Taghaza
and Sijilmasa and the site of an important school of
Islamic scholarship

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69
Q

Tools

A

– in the context of human origins in Africa, stones
and bones honed to achieve a sharp edge to function
in ways that extended natural human abilities;
prehistoric tools provide valuable evidence about the
lives of the humans who used them

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70
Q

Touba

A

the center of Murid Islam in Senegal; home of

Murid’s Great Mosque and annual pilgrimage

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71
Q

Toynbee, Arnold (1889–1975)

A

the British historian

who believed in the cyclic interpretation of history

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72
Q

Traditional African religion

A

– spiritual practices whose
rituals promote bonds with ancestors, help from
nature and spirits, and seek knowledge of the near
future; there is no sacred literature, no afterlife, no
apocalypse, and no separation between the spiritual
and secular world

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73
Q

Transatlantic slave trade

A

often called the Middle
Passage in which about 12.5 million enslaved Africans
were brought to the New World by Europeans as
chattel slaves for labor between the sixteenth and
nineteenth centuries

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74
Q

Transatlantic slave trade –

A

often called the Middle
Passage in which about 12.5 million enslaved Africans
were brought to the New World by Europeans as
chattel slaves for labor between the sixteenth and
nineteenth centuries

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75
Q

Triangular trade pattern

A

the transatlantic slave trade
pattern of traffic of humans and goods between
Africa, the Americas, and Europe

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76
Q

Tripoli

A

the northern destination of the eastern part of

the West African trans-Saharan trade from Kanem-
Bornu

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77
Q

Tuareg

A

the nomadic pastoralists of the Sahara; also

called Berbers

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78
Q

Umayyads (661–750)

A

the descendants of Muhammad’s
powerful Meccan enemies who took control of Islam
about a generation after the death of Muhammad; the
first of the two caliphates of the Golden Age of Islam;
the second was the Abbasid Caliphate

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79
Q

Tawhid

A

oneness of God in Islam; Islamic dogma

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80
Q

Tangier

A

a major port city of Morocco and the home to

Ibn Battuta

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81
Q

Tamahaq

A

the language of the Tuareg who often
transported goods across the Sahara between ancient
Ghana and Sijilmasa

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82
Q

Taghaza

A

a location of great quantities of salt deposited
during the evaporation of an ancient Saharan sea;
approximate midway point on the Timbuktu-Sijilmasa
caravan trade route

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83
Q

Swahili

A

an East African maritime language and culture

made up predominantly of Muslims and Bantu-
speakers; extends from southern Somalia to northern

Mozambique; means “coast” and is influenced by
Arabic; some Swahili claim an ancestral connection
to Shirazi, a city in southwestern Iran

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84
Q

Sorghum

A

an edible grain plant from which molasses is

derived

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85
Q

Sonni Ali (? –1492)

A

the founder of the Songhay empire

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86
Q

Soninke

A

the major ethnic group and rulers of ancient

Ghana

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87
Q

Songhay (1450–1591)

A

the third of three great West

African Sahelian empires; sometimes spelled Songhai

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88
Q

Sokoto Caliphate

A

the Muslim empire founded in the
early nineteenth century in present-day northeastern
Nigeria; created by Usman dan Fodiyo to imitate
Muhammad’s early community at Medina

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89
Q

Socrates (469–399 bce)

A

the Athenian teacher of Plato;
promoted ethics by engaging in dialogues described
by Plato; executed for believing in false gods and
corrupting the youth of Athens

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90
Q

Social Darwinists

A

those who attempted to apply
Charles Darwin’s biological ideas about the evolution
of species based on natural selection to imperial and
colonial expansion on a global scale

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91
Q

Slave Trade Act of 1807

A

the Parliamentary act in Great

Britain that abolished the Atlantic slave trade

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92
Q

Sunni

A

the largest Muslim sect containing about 85
percent of Muslims; “people of the tradition;” in
contrast to the Shi’a, who insisted that Muslim leaders
had to descend from Muhammad, Sunnis argued that
any rightly guided Muslim could be a caliph

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93
Q

Sunna

A

Muhammad’s actions whose guidance forms

part of Muslim law

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94
Q

Sundiata Keïta

A

established the West African Malinke
empire of Mali that succeeded ancient Ghana; ruled
from 1235–55; the most famous West African epic is
about Sundiata’s life and is still told today

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95
Q

Sufi

A

a part of the Sunni tradition that developed as a
mystical alternative to more worldly Muslim practices;
also a mystical Muslim who helps other Muslims
attain spiritual understanding

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96
Q

Sudan

A

the region where the Blue and White Nile
Rivers meet at Khartoum; region of northern
Nubia; contested region between French and British
imperialists; shared a border with French Equatorial
Africa

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97
Q

Stoneking, Mark (b.1956)

A

with Rebecca Cann and
Alan Wilson carried out the mtDNA study in 1987
that placed human origins in Africa

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98
Q

St. Domingue

A

a Caribbean French colony and the site

of a slave revolt in 1791

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99
Q

Sosso

A

the empire that brought an end to the great West
African empire of Ghana in 1203; ancient Ghana had
been in decline after its losses to the Almoravids in
1042

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100
Q

Shirazi

A

– the ethnic group from Persia that contributed to

the formation of the Swahili maritime network

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101
Q

Shona

A

the ethnic group that built Great Zimbabwe

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102
Q

Sierra Leone

A

the modern country which served as a
haven for slaves taken from seized slave ships and
Africans who fought for the British against the
Americans in the Revolutionary War

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103
Q

Sijilmasa

A

the ancient city located in southeastern
Morocco one thousand miles north of Timbuktu in
the Sahara Desert; destination via Taghaza for West
African camel caravans laden with gold, salt, and
other items

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104
Q

Slav

A

the word from which the word “slavery” originated;

referred to an Eastern European ethnic group

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105
Q

Slavery

A

the social or legal system in which people are
involuntarily held as property with no rights (Western
chattel slavery) or in which they have the somewhat
flexible status of extended family members (African
slavery); the word originated from the Muslim
enslavement of ethnic Slavs of the Black Sea region
in the 800s

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106
Q

Shia

A

– a minority sect in Islam followed by about 13
percent of Muslims worldwide; called followers of Ali,
who was the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad;
the Shia claim that one has to descend directly from
Ali and Muhammad’s daughter Fatimah to lead Muslims; their defunct leaders were called Imams;
those who lead them today are called Ayatollahs

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107
Q

Reparations Movement

A

efforts to get Western
countries to pay African countries to account to some
extent for slavery and colonialism; also the effort to
have the U.S. pay reparations to the descendants of
African slaves in the U.S. for chattel slavery and Jim
Crow

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108
Q

Shehu

A

the Hausa word for “sheik” meaning ruler;

Usman dan Fodiyo was a shehu

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109
Q

queen o f sheba

A

the queen associated with Solomon in

the Old Testament

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110
Q

Ra (also spelled Re)

A

the sun god of ancient Egyptians;

sometimes identified with the Pharaoh

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111
Q

Quraysh

A

Muhammad’s tribe, which controlled Mecca

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112
Q

Qur’an

A

the sacred literature of Islam; contains God’s
revelations to Muhammad via the Archangel Gabriel
in both Mecca and Medina; divided into 114 chapters
called surahs

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113
Q

Senghor, Léopold (1906–2001)

A

the French-educated
Senegalese political leader and intellectual who led
Senegal to independence; advocate of négritude,
which was a Pan-Africanist anti-colonial philosophy;
opposed assimilation because of its advocacy of the
inferiority of African civilizations

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114
Q

Senegal

A

a former French colony in West Africa; home
of Amadou Bamba, the Murids, Cheikh Anta Diop,
and Touba

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115
Q

São Tomé and Príncipe

A

the equatorial islands off the
coast of Gabon where the Portuguese created an early
example of plantation slavery

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116
Q

Sáo Joáo Bautista

A

the Portuguese ship thought to have
transported the first African slaves to North America,
taken to Virginia’s Port Comfort colony in August
1619

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117
Q

Sanhaja Berbers

A

the Muslim ethnic group called the
Almoravids from the Sanhaja region of Morocco who
conquered ancient Ghana

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118
Q

San

A

hunter-gatherers who preceded Bantu-speakers;
absorbed or conquered by the Bantu-speakers as
they migrated southward; sometimes paired with the
Khoi-Khoi into the Khoisan grouping; mitochondrial
DNA and Y chromosomes of the San are some of the
oldest on earth; also one of five major language groups
of Africa

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119
Q

Sahel

A

the semi-arid transitional zone that stretches
from west to east and connects West Africa to the
Sahara Desert

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120
Q

Sahara Desert

A

the largest hot desert in the world,
it covers most of North Africa and measures about
3,000 miles from east to west and about 800 to 1,200
miles from north to south

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121
Q

Robinson, Ronald (1920–99)

A

the historian who
with Jack Gallagher argued that collaboration with
indigenous populations was the key to understanding
the success of colonialism in Africa

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122
Q

Pan-Africanism

A

the political and economic movement
to unite African countries to give them a voice in
world affairs; promoted in different ways since the
nineteenth century by W.E.B. Du Bois, George
Padmore, C.L.R. James, and Kwame Nkrumah,
among others

123
Q

Pharaoh

A

the god-king of ancient Egypt’s dynasties;
protector of Ma’at, which symbolized truth, justice,
order, and harmony; translates as “great house” or
“palace”

124
Q

Plato

A

the Athenian philosopher and
student of Socrates who used Egyptian knowledge to
create his program for education and teaching

125
Q

Polo, Marco (1254–1324)

A

the Venetian traveler and
merchant who spent about twenty-four years traveling
in Asia a generation before Ibn Battuta

126
Q

Predestination

A

the belief that God has chosen a few
to share heaven; those not chosen can do nothing to
enter heaven

127
Q

Prejudice

A

a strong belief not based on reason

128
Q

Ptolemaic Egypt (332–30) –

A

the dynasty established by

Ptolemy, which lasted for three centuries

129
Q

Ptolemy (367–283)

A

Alexander the Great’s general who

took over Egypt and Palestine after Alexander’s death

130
Q

Qadiriyya

A

the Sufi order of Usman dan Fodiyo and

Nana Asma’u

131
Q

Quakers

A

the Protestant Christian religious group that
began the abolitionist movement in Great Britain in
the 1600s; founded the first abolitionist society in
England in 1783

132
Q

Oyo

A

the powerful slave trading empire of the Yoruba ethnic group in west and north central Nigeria

133
Q

Osiris

A

in Pharaonic Egypt the God-Ruler of the

underworld

134
Q

Osei Tutu

A

the leader who in c. 1695 created the legend
of the Golden Stool with the priest Anokye that
united the Asante ethnic group

135
Q

Orthodox Christians

A

includes Catholics, Protestants,
and Greek and Russian Orthodox who adhere to the
creed created at the Council of Nicaea in 325 that
explains the nature of Jesus and the Trinity

136
Q

Organization of African Unity (1963–2002)

A

the
Africanist organization, somewhat like the UN,
created to oppose colonialism, promote human rights,
and defend sovereignty; replaced by the African Union

137
Q

Old Kingdom (c.2686–2160 bce)

A

the first of three

kingdoms of Pharaonic Egypt

138
Q

Odumegwu-Ojukwu, Chukwuemeka (1933–2011)

A

the military officer who led the Igbo secession of
southeastern Nigeria; leader of the Republic of Biafra
until it lost the Nigerian Civil War and reunited with
Nigeria

139
Q

Nubia

A

the African civilization that shared its northern
border with southern Egypt and was influenced by
Egypt

140
Q

Nkrumah, Kwame (1909–72)

A

U.S.-educated Ghanaian
and Pan-Africanist leader; organized the construction
of the Akosombo Dam; overthrown via coup in 1966

141
Q

Nilo-Saharan

A

one of five major language groups of

Africa

142
Q

Nile River

A

about 4,200 miles in length, the Nile is the
world’s longest river; tributaries begin in Ethiopia
and the Great Lakes region and join at Khartoum,
Sudan; flows through Egypt before emptying into the
Mediterranean Sea

143
Q

Niger River

A

the major river of West Africa, which is

about 2,600 miles long

144
Q

Niger-Congo

A

one of five major language groups of

Africa; includes Bantu-speakers

145
Q

Nicene Creed

A

the orthodox view of the relationship
between Jesus the human and Jesus the God approved
by Christian leaders at the Council of Nicaea in 325

146
Q

Newton, John (1725–1807)

A

the slave ship captain of the Greyhound in 1748; published a tract in 1788
renouncing slavery; wrote the lyrics to the hymn
“Amazing Grace”

147
Q

New Kingdom (1550–1069 bce)

A

the third of three

kingdoms of Pharaonic Egypt

148
Q

New Imperialism (1870–1914)

A

the European material
and religious expansion in Africa that coincided with
advances in hygiene, weapons, and medicine

149
Q

Neo-colonialism

A

despite the formal end of colonial
empires, the continued sovereignty of the former
imperial rulers by other means, usually through
economic loans and policies that keep newly
independent African countries dependent on
European banks and global capitalism

150
Q

Negus

A

the ancient title of kings of Abyssinia (Ethiopia)

151
Q

Muslim

A

a follower of Islam; means “one who submits to

the will of God”

152
Q

Musa (1280–1337) –

A

a Muslim ruler (Mansa) of Mali
noted for his hajj, piety, and generosity; financed
the construction of the Great Mosques of Gao and
Timbuktu and transcription of Qur’ans

153
Q

murids

A

the followers of Amadou Bamba

154
Q

Muqaddimah

A

the cyclic interpretation of world history

from a Muslim perspective written by Ibn Khaldun

155
Q

Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative

A

an effort to reduce

the debt of Africa’s and the world’s poorest countries

156
Q

muezzin

A

one who gives the call to prayer five times a

day in traditional Muslim societies

157
Q

mosuqe

A

house of prayer for muslims

158
Q

moor

A

muslim born in spain

159
Q

Monsoons

A

seasonal winds and currents in the Indian
Ocean that propel dhows toward Arabia and India
from November and March then reverse to the south
and west from April to September to return dhows to
the Swahili coast

160
Q

Monophysites

A

same as Coptic Christians

161
Q

Muhammad ibn Abdallah (c.570–632)

A

the prophet of

Islam to whom the Qur’an was revealed

162
Q

Muhammad al-Mahdi (c.868–c.941)

A

the Twelfth
and “hidden” Imam of the Shia; a descendant of
Muhammad

163
Q

Mogadishu

A

an ancient seaport important to Swahili

mercantile trade; located in coastal Somalia

164
Q

Mitochondria DNA (mtDNA)

A

the cellular structures
whose content proved that Khoisan women contained
the oldest genetic mutations of women on Earth; only
mothers pass this genetic code to their offspring

165
Q

Millet

A

a grain plant from which cereal is made

166
Q

Middle Passage

A

a portion of the journey from Africa to

the Americas that took place on transatlantic voyages

167
Q

Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 bce)

A

the second of

three kingdoms of Pharaonic Egypt

168
Q

Mercantilism

A

the economic system during the
sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries that sought a
positive balance of trade and the accumulation of gold
and silver as a means to strengthen a kingdom against
its opponents

169
Q

Menelik

A

the Abyssinian leader who allegedly brought
the Ark of the Covenant to Axum; the ark now
supposedly resides in the Chapel of the Tablet at the
Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion

170
Q

Memphis

A

the capital of the Egyptian Old Kingdom on

the Nile River

171
Q

Medina

A

formerly Yathrib, the city where Muhammad

and his followers sought sanctuary in 622

172
Q

Mecca

A

the Arabian trading town, birthplace of
Muhammad, home to the Ka’bah, and holiest city in
Islam; pilgrimage destination

173
Q

McCarthy, Sir Charles (1764–1824)

A

the British
military commander and Governor of Gold Coast
whom the Asante defeated and beheaded in 1824

174
Q

Mbiti, John (b.1931)

A

the Kenyan-born Anglican

minister and writer of traditional African religion

175
Q

Maxim Gun

A

an early example of a fully automatic
machine gun; invented by American-born British
engineer Sir Hiram Maxim around 1884; enabled
small colonial armies to overcome more numerous
African armies

176
Q

masai

A

a language and ethnic group in southern Kenya

and northern Tanzania of East africa

177
Q

mansa

A

the title for king or emperor of the medieval

West African empire of Mali

178
Q

Lenin, Vladimir (1870–1924)

A

the Russian communist
revolutionary who wrote Imperialism, the Highest Stage
of Capitalism to explain how imperialism was a stage
in the development of global capitalism

179
Q

Leo X (1475–1521)

A

the pope who baptized Leo
Africanus, gave him a pension, and encouraged him
to write his Description of Africa

180
Q

Levant

A

the eastern part of the Mediterranean world

181
Q

Liberia

A

the modern country on the western coast of
Africa that in 1822 became a haven for slaves seized
from slave ships and U.S. freed slaves; a resettlement
project was first promoted by the American
Colonization Society

182
Q

Liberalism

A

Enlightenment belief that promoted
progress, liberty, and equality; contributed to the
abolitionist movement

183
Q

Lincoln University

A

founded in 1854, it was the first
degree-granting historically black university in the
U.S.

184
Q

linguistics

A

the study of languages; in Africa, used to
determine the origins of Bantu, the largest indigenous
language sub-group in Africa

185
Q

Lugard, Frederick (1858–1945)

A

the colonial
administrator in Nigeria who articulated the idea
of the “Dual Mandate” which justified British
imperialism in terms of an exchange of African labor
and resources for British technology and civilization,
to the benefit of both sides

186
Q

Ma’at

A

a concept representing truth, justice, order, and

harmony personified by the Pharaoh

187
Q

Madeira

A

Portuguese islands in the Atlantic that were

early locations for the plantation slavery model

188
Q

Malaria

A

a disease caused by single-celled parasites
transmitted to humans by mosquitoes; causes flu-like
symptoms that can recur; endemic in tropical Africa

189
Q

Mali

A

the second great West African empire during the

thirteenth through the sixteenth centuries

190
Q

mande

A

the language group of about 30 million people

spread across thirteen West African countries

191
Q

Mandela, Nelson (1918–2013)

A

a Xhosa leader of
the anti-apartheid African National Congress in
South Africa; spent twenty-seven years in prison for opposing apartheid; first president of post-apartheid
South Africa; received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993

192
Q

Lat Joor Joop (1842–86)

A

the anti-colonial Wolof
king (Dammel) who was killed by the French;
a contemporary of Bamba and an inspiration to Senegalese nationalists during their struggle for
independence

193
Q

Lake Tana

A

the source of the Blue Nile River

194
Q

Lake Victoria-Nyanza

A

the source of the White Nile

River

195
Q

Kumasi

A

the capital of the Asante people; regional

capital in modern Ghana

196
Q

Krina, Battle of (1235)

A

the battle in which Sundiata
defeated the conquerors of the Ghanaians, the Sosso,
and established Mali

197
Q

kongo

A

the ethnic group in the vicinity of Luanda,
Angola, who provided slaves to the Portuguese to
work on sugar plantations on São Tomé and in Brazil

198
Q

Kilwa

A

an ancient seaport and sultanate important to

Swahili mercantile trade; located in coastal Tanzania

199
Q

Khoisan

A

the term used to describe the San and Khoi
Khoi peoples who preceded Bantu-speakers in
southern Africa; the mitochondria of the San is the
oldest on earth; also one of five major language groups
of Africa

200
Q

Kente

A

Akan cloth made by Asante men; originally for

royalty

201
Q

keitas

A

the clan name for the rulers of Mali

202
Q

Kebra Nagast

A

sacred literature of the Coptics; also called

The Book of Kings

203
Q

Kaw (1300)

A

the Mansa of Mali who may have sent a

fleet of 2,000 ships west; Mansa Musa’s predecessor

204
Q

Katsina

A

a major city in the far central north of Nigeria

205
Q

Kassonke

A

a language group of West Africans;
participants in the trans-Saharan gold trade during
the ancient empire of Mali

206
Q

Kanem-Bornu

A

a trans-Saharan embarkation point

207
Q

Ka’bah

A

a shrine of traditional religion in Mecca that

was incorporated into the Great Mosque of Mecca

208
Q

jim crow

A

the name given to U.S. laws designed to deny

African Americans their civil rights

209
Q

jihad

A

the struggle experienced by individual Muslims
to obey God; sometimes “holy war” against enemies
of Islam

210
Q

Ibn al-Asi, Amr (585–664)

A

an early opponent of
Muhammad; later converted and conquered Egypt in
640; created Fustat, which is now part of Cairo

211
Q

Ibn Battuta (1304–69)

A

the Moroccan world traveler
who visited Mali and the Swahili coast; wrote a major
travelogue called the Rihla

212
Q

Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)

A

famous Muslim historian;
teacher at Al-Azhar University; wrote the first world
history from a Muslim perspective called Muqaddimah

213
Q

Ibn Rabah, Bilal (580–640)

A

former African slave
in Mecca; one of Muhammad’s first converts and
as the initial muezzin gave first call to prayer in
Medina; Bilal’s descendants allegedly established the
Mandinka clan of Keïta, from which Sundiata derives

214
Q

Idowu, Bolaji (1913–93)

A

Nigerian Methodist minister

and writer on traditional African religion

215
Q

Igbo

A

majority ethnic group in the region that declared

independence from Nigeria as the country Biafra

216
Q

Imam

A

a descendent of Muhammad who led the Shia

until about 941 ce; also the prayer leader of a mosque

217
Q

Imperialism

A

the comprehensive word associated with
empire and politics to describe the dominance or
sovereignty of one group over another

218
Q

Imperialism: Cultural

A

the imposition of values,

language, and beliefs by rulers in an imperial setting

219
Q

Indirect Rule

A

the British system described by Frederick
Lugard as the Dual Mandate; carried out with the
collaboration of local chiefs

220
Q

Industrial Revolution (1760–1840)

A

the time period
when the West gained worldwide communications
and weapons advantages and used them to create
empires across much of the world; contributed to the
obsolescence of chattel slavery

221
Q

islam

A

the world monotheistic Abrahamic religion
followed by about 40 percent of all Africans; the word
means act of submission to the will of God; about half
of West Africa’s population is Muslim

222
Q

jajjs

A

itinerant female students and teachers of Nana

Asma’u

223
Q

Hyksos

A

the chariot-riding warriors who conquered Lower Egypt in 1650 bce and who likely assimilated
into the Egyptian population; they brought musical
instruments, olive trees, and new breeds of cattle

224
Q

Hulks

A

old ships in the Nigerian delta where Europeans

lived and carried out trade in slaves and goods

225
Q

horus

A

in Egyptian religion, god of the sky, way,
and hunting; pharaohs of the Old Kingdom were
incarnations of Horus

226
Q

Homo sapiens (200,000 bce–present)

A

our human genus

and species; abbreviated as h. sapiens

227
Q

Homo erectus (1.9 million–143,000 bce)

A

the earliest

human genus and species; abbreviated as h. erectus

228
Q

hominid

A

originally meant all human ancestors; now

sometimes also includes all great apes

229
Q

hieorglyphs

A

the picture writing technique of the

Pharaonic Egyptians

230
Q

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831)

A

wrote
in his Philosophy of History that Africa was not a
historical continent and showed neither change nor
development, and that its peoples were not capable of
progress or education

231
Q

Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative

A

an
international effort to relieve the debt of Africa’s
poorest countries

232
Q

hausa

A

the largest West African Muslim ethnic group;

live across the Sahel from Ghana to Sudan

233
Q

hashim

A

Muhammad’s clan within the Quraysh in

Mecca

234
Q

hajj

A

the annual pilgrimage all able Muslims must make

to Mecca once in one’s lifetime

235
Q

haiti

A

a Caribbean French colony and the site of slave

revolt from 1791–1804

236
Q

hadith

A

Muhammad’s words whose guidance forms

part of Muslim law

237
Q

gye nyame

A

the Adinkra symbol that means God’s
omnipotence or literally “except for God”; also
associated with Asante hegemony

238
Q

guinea

A

a former French colony north of Sierra Leone
that achieved independence in 1958 under the
leadership of Sékou Touré, who later gave sanctuary
to Kwame Nkrumah after the Ghanaian coup of 1966

239
Q

griots

A

West African oral historians who inherit their
vocations and give performances often accompanied
by drums and koras

240
Q

great zimbabwe

A

literally “house of stone”; a southern
African empire contemporaneous with the West
African empire of Mali whose economy was also based on gold

241
Q

Gowon, Yakubu (b.1934)

A

the general who seized
control of Nigeria and fought the Nigerian Civil War
to force Biafra back into the country

242
Q

golden stool

A

the legendary symbol of the spirit of the
Asante; created by Osei Tutu and the priest Anokye
in c. 1695

243
Q

gold coast

A

the European name given to pre-
independence Ghana due to the proximate Akan gold

fields

244
Q

giza

A

the location of Egypt’s great pyramids built in
2600–2500 bce during the Old Kingdom’s period of
monument building

245
Q

biggons, ann

A

an author who argued
in 1987 that genetic traits of Y chromosomal DNA
supported the African origins of men

246
Q

ghana

A

the first of three great West African empires
(400–1100); was centered in the upper Niger River
valley between the Sahara to the north and tropical
forests on the coast; present-day Ghana took its name
from ancient Ghana

247
Q

Garvey, Marcus (1887–1940)

A

an advocate for emigration
of freedmen to Liberia; promoted an “Africa for the
Africans” anti-colonial project under the auspices of
the Universal Negro Improvement and Conservation
Association

248
Q

gao

A

the location of one of Africa’s Great Mosques;
capital of Songhay about 300 miles east of Timbuktu
on the east bank of the Niger River

249
Q

gambia river

A

West African river about 700 miles long

that empties at Banjul, The Gambia

250
Q

Gallagher, John (1919–80)

A

the British historian of
imperialism who teamed up with Ronald Robinson to
write the influential Africa and the Victorians and “The
Imperialism of Free Trade”

251
Q

gabon

A

a former colony in french equatorial africa

252
Q

Futanke

A

a West African language group; participants in the trans-Saharan gold trade during the ancient
empire of Mali

253
Q

Fustat

A

an early Muslim city founded in 640 by Amr ibn

al-Asi; now part of Cairo

254
Q

fula

A

the major ethnic group and language of West

Africa

255
Q

French Equatorial Africa

A

the group of French African
colonies from the Congo River north of Central
Africa to the southern border of present-day Libya; at
its height FEA included the French Congo, Gabon,
Oubangui-Chari, Chad, and French Cameroon

256
Q

free trade

A

often associated with capitalism; an economic
policy that does not restrict imports or exports in
global markets; assumes the absence of interference
from anyone not party to the transaction, especially
governments

257
Q

freedmen

A

people freed from chattel slavery

258
Q

fossils

A

preserved remnants of life, often bones

259
Q

fon

A

the major African slave trading ethnic group in

Benin, southwest Nigeria

260
Q

Fodiyo, Usman dan (1754–1817)

A

the founder of the

Sokoto Caliphate in northeastern Nigeria

261
Q

fiqh

A

the regulation of religious conduct; Islamic

jurisprudence

262
Q

fertile crescent

A

land that included the Tigris and

Euphrates Rivers, Phoenicia, and Palestine

263
Q

Fatimids

A

a Shia group who created the Fatimid
Caliphate (c.909–1171) across North Africa and the
Fertile Crescent, overthrew Sunni rule in Fustat, and
built Al-Azhar and Cairo; named themselves after
Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad

264
Q

fatimah

A

a daughter of Muhammad and wife

of Ali

265
Q

fante

A

an Akan ethnic group that founded city-states
along the central half of the Gold Coast; one of their
famous towns, Oguaa (Cape Coast), served as the seat
of early British power in the Gold Coast; the Fante in
the vicinity of Cape Coast Castle were sometimes in
partnership with or under the sovereignty of both the
Asante and the British

266
Q

Falconbridge, Alexander (1760–92)

A

the slave ship
doctor who lobbied for abolition and wrote of the
horrors of the slave ship; participated in the Sierra
Leone settlement for freedmen

267
Q

Divination

A

rituals in Traditional African Religion that

attempt to communicate with the spirit world

268
Q

dromedaries

A

single-humped camels used to carry loads

in the Sahara Desert as early as the 100s ce

269
Q

dual mandate

A

Frederick Lugard’s application of
indirect rule; African chiefs enforced colonial laws
in return for British protection; the British gained
access to natural resources and African labor while
the Africans acquired British products and Western
knowledge

270
Q

ebola virus

A

a viral infection with more than an 80
percent mortality rate that travels through body fluids;
ravaged Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone from
2014–16

271
Q

ebony

A

a hard black wood traded in Saharan caravan

commerce

272
Q

elmina castle

A

the slave fortress in what is now the
coastal central region of Ghana built by the Portuguese
and later occupied by the Dutch and English; now a
UNESCO World Heritage Site

273
Q

enlightenment

A

the advancement of rational thought
and human dignity in Europe during the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries; accelerated the cause of
abolitionism

274
Q

Equiano, Olaudah

A

the Igbo slave and
freedman who wrote an autobiography that described
capture, African slavery, Middle Passage, chattel
slavery, life as a freedman, and the abolition movement

275
Q

Ethnicity

A

the category with which people may be
identified that is based on similarities of culture,
language, and ancestry

276
Q

eurocentricism

A

the perception of life through Western

eyes inside Western cultures and environments

277
Q

Evolues

A

Africans who assimilated into French

civilization both in French colonies and in France

278
Q

caliph

A

a spiritual successor to Muhammad, the Prophet

of Islam

279
Q

caliphates

A

the Umayyid and Abbasid empires of the

Muslims

280
Q

calvinism

A

the Protestant sect named for John Calvin
(1509–64); it holds that God has selected a few people
to share heaven and damned all others; this concept,
often called predestination, was first put forward by
the African Augustine of Hippo (354–430); some
European racism toward Africans has its origins in
the idea of predestination

281
Q

canary islands

A

an early location for Portuguese and

Spanish plantation slavery

282
Q

rebecca cann

A

with Mark Stoneking and
Alan Wilson, she carried out the mtDNA study in
1987 that placed human origins in Africa

283
Q

cape coast castle

A

a major slave trading fort in the
Central Region of modern Ghana just east of Elmina;
it has the infamous “door of no return,” through
which thousands of Africans were shipped to the New
World; it is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

284
Q

capitalism

A

an economic system emphasizing private
ownership of the means of production and the selling
of goods for a profit

285
Q

cataract

A

obstructions to navigation; on the Nile River

the first cataract is at Aswan

286
Q

centering

A

the adjustment of physical, intellectual, and

spiritual characteristics to one’s environment

287
Q

cercles

A

the administrative districts of a colony under

French rule

288
Q

chad

A

the modern name for the former colony of French

Equatorial Africa

289
Q

Chapel of the Tablet at the Church of Our Lady Mary

of Zion

A

the church in Axum, Ethiopia where the

Ark of the Covenant is allegedly stored

290
Q

Chattel slavery

A

European form of economic bondage in
which humans are considered property with no rights;
see African slavery

291
Q

thomas clarkson

A

the student abolitionist who in 1785 wrote an influential essay at Cambridge
University condemning slavery and later helped lead
the abolitionist movement in England and the U.S.

292
Q

colonialism

A

describes subservient relationships
between imperial powers and societies in which the
dominant group remains alien

293
Q

Convention People’s Party

A

the anti-colonial political

party established by Kwame Nkrumah in 1949

294
Q

coptic christians

A

also called Monophysites; the
largest populations are in Egypt and Ethiopia; differ
from orthodox Christians in that they believe Jesus
had a single fully united divine and human nature, not
mixed or blended; declared heretics at the Council of
Chalcedon in 451; Coptic is also an Egyptian language

295
Q

Council of Chalcedon

A

the Christian council in 451
which determined the relationship between the
human and divine natures of Jesus

296
Q

Council of Nicaea

A

in 325 it determined the nature
of the Trinity and the Nicaean Creed important to
Orthodox Christians

297
Q

cowries

A

shells from Persia used in West Africa for

small amounts of money and jewelry

298
Q

Cugoano, Ottobah (1757–91)

A

the former slave and

abolitionist friend of Olaudah Equiano

299
Q

Dahomey

A

a major center of the slave trade and a

kingdom of the Fon ethnic group

300
Q

Davidson, Basil (1914–2010)

A

the first European writer

who asserted Africans had histories and civilizations

301
Q

Denkyira

A

a Gold Coast ethnic group whose slave trade
contract at Elmina with the Dutch preceded that of
the Asante

302
Q

Description of Africa

A

the book by Leo Africanus that

describes Songhay in the early 1500s

303
Q

Dhow

A

a Swahili boat designed with a triangular sail
to transport goods along the East African coast by
taking advantage of the Indian Ocean’s currents and
seasonal winds called monsoons

304
Q

Diop, Cheikh Anta (1923–86)

A

the Senegalese
Afrocentric scholar who argued that West Africans
significantly contributed to Pharaonic Egyptian
civilization

dd (2 decks)

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