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Haematology > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Leucocytes

A

The white blood cells

Includes polymorphs, lymphocytes and monocytes

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2
Q

Monocytes

A

Circulating phagocytic cells will become tissue macrophages

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3
Q

Polymorph (granulocyte)

A

The polymorphonuclear leucocyte
(Granulocyte) Cells with 2-5 nuclear lobes and granules in the cytoplasm. Staining characteristics of the granules identify:
NEUTROPHILS; neutral staining granules in cytoplasm
BASOPHILS; basophilic granules. Basophils migrate to the tissues to become Mast Cells.
EOSINOPHILS; eosinophilic granules

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4
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Increased neutrophils

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5
Q

Neutropenia

A

Decreased neutrophils

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6
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

Increased lymphocytes

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7
Q

Activated lymphocytes

A

Often seen in viral infection

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8
Q

Atypical mononuclear cells

A 
Atypical reactive (CD8) lymphocytes in certain 
Cells	infections such as Glandular fever and viral hepatitis
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9
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Reduced platelets

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10
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

increased platelets

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11
Q

Hypochromic microcytic

A

Poorly haemoglobinised and small RBCs
(↓MCH ↓MCV)
Seen in iron deficiency, chronic disease and thalassaemia trait

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12
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Immature RBCs. Normally

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13
Q

Rouleaux

A

RBC columns seen in samples with raised globulin or raised fibrinogen levels ie myeloma, chronic inflammation/infection

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14
Q

Target cells

A

RBC appearance frequently seen in liver disease (particularly in biliary obstruction), also seen in haemoglobinopathies

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15
Q

Spherocytes

A

Spherocytic RBCs seen in haemolysis particularly autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) and hereditary spherocytosis

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16
Q

Howel jolly bodies

A

Nuclear fragments in RBC in hyposplenic patients

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17
Q

Macrocytes

A

Large RBCs (↑MCV) seen in B12/folate deficiency, hepatic disease, hypothyroidism.

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18
Q

Anisopoiklocytosis

A

Abnormalities of RBC shape and size seen in B12/folate deficiency

19
Q

RBC fragmentation

A

Seen in mechanical haemolytic anaemias eg prosthetic valve malfunction

20
Q

Haemoglobinopathy

A

Abnormality of globin synthesis

21
Q

Direct coombs test (DCT) direct atiglobulin test (DAGT)

A

Test to detect presence of antibody on RBC surface. (Positive in AIHA, HDN)

22
Q

eryhtroblasts

A

Nucleated RBC precursors

23
Q

Megaloblasts

A

The abnormal nucleated RBC precursors seen in B12 or Folate deficiency

24
Q

Myeloblasts/myelocytes/metmyelocytes

A

polymorph precursors

25
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

Platelet precursors

26
Q

Leukaemic Blasts

A

The abnormal primitive blast cells that are found in the bone marrow ( and often also in the peripheral blood ) in Acute leukaemia and poor prognosis Myelodysplastic syndromes

27
Q

Acute myeloid leukaemia

A

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ( the more common acute leukaemia seen in adults)

28
Q

Myelodysplastic syndromes

A

Describes the bone marrow appearance when abnormal

(dysplastic) cell growth occurs. Previously called pre-leukaemic as MDS can progress to secondary AML.

29
Q

Myeloproliferative disorsers

A

Describes proliferation of cells in the bone marrow with normal (non dysplastic) appearance. CML, Polycythaemia Vera, Essential Thrombocythaemia and Myelofibrosis.

30
Q

Myeloma

A

Malignant proliferation of Plasma Cells in the Bone Marrow. Note this is a Lymphoproliferative disease NOT a Myeloproliferative Disease

31
Q

Prothrombin time

A

Prothrombin time

Test of extrinsic pathway of coagulation sensitive to Warfarin and liver disease

32
Q

INR

A

International normalised ratio. Measure of Warfarin activity

33
Q

PTT

A

Partial Thromboplasm Time also known as APTT (activated PTT) and KCCT (Kaolin Cephalin clotting time) Measure of Intrinsic pathway sensitive to IV Heparin

34
Q

Coagulation

A

Term to describe the Coagulation cascade and the pathways (Extrinsic and Intrinsic ) that lead to the conversion of Fibrinogen to Fibrin. Do not confuse with the term Aggutination which describes RBCs being stuck together (agglutinated ) by RBC antibodies.

35
Q

Purpura/oetechiae

A

Pin point bleeding on skin and mucous membranes. Usually due to thrombocytopenia or less commonly vasculitis. (The glass test: purpura does not blanch on pressure. Telangiectasia will blanch)

36
Q

DIC

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Consumption of coagulation factors and platelets

37
Q

Ecchymoses

A

Bruises

38
Q

Factor concentrates

A

Freeze dried coagulation factors. Can be prepared from donated plasma (ie Beriplex: contains factors II, VII, IX, X for Warfarin reversal) or by recombinant technology ie recombinant F VIII for Haemophilia A.

39
Q

Group and screen

A

Determine ABO and Rh group. Screen plasma for immune RBC antibodies

40
Q

Packed RBCs

A

Units of blood from which most plasma has been removed.

41
Q

PPS

A

Plasma protein solution (albumin 5%)

42
Q

Cytoprecipitate

A

Prepared from donated plasma. Rich in F VIII and fibrinogen

43
Q

Indirect coombs test

A

Test to detect the presence of RBC antibodies in plasma. This test is the basis of the Cross Match and the antibody screen in Group and Screen

Haematology (11 decks)

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