Glossary

Question 1

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 1

A high energy molecule stored in muscle cells and other parts of the body that supplies energy for biological work (muscular contractions) via the catabolism (breakdown) of ATP.

ATP consists of a single adenosine molecule and a chain of three inorganic phosphate groups bound by high energy bonds.

Question 2

Adenosine Diphosphate

Answer 2

A by-product that results when ATP breaks down and loses one of its phosphate groups at the end of the molecule.

Question 3

Creatine Phosphate

Answer 3

A chemical compound found in muscle cells that is capable of storing and releasing energy that can be used to resynthesise ATP from ADP + Pi.

Question 4

Carbohydrates (CHOs)

Answer 4

Naturally occurring compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Question 5

Glucose

Answer 5

Simplest form of carbohydrate and the basic ingredient for anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis.

Question 6

Glycogen

Answer 6

Storage form of glucose found in the muscles and in larger quantities in the liver.

Question 7

Fats

Answer 7

Essential component of a balanced diet and should comprise about 20-25 % of daily food intake.

Question 8

Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)

Answer 8

Broken-down transportable form of fats.

Question 9

Triglycerides

Answer 9

Stored form of fats found in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle

Question 10

Protein

Answer 10

Allows for muscle growth and repair, fights disease, helps chemical reactions and transports materials.

Question 11

Amino Acids

Answer 11

Building blocks of protein. Protein is broken down through the process of digestion into amino acids.

Question 12

ATP Demand

Answer 12

How much ATP is required during an activity and the rate at which it is expended and, therefore, needs to be resynthesised.

Question 13

Rate

Answer 13

How quickly ATP is resynthesised. Proportionate to intensity.

Question 14

Yield

Answer 14

Total amount of ATP that is resynthesised during an exercise bout. Proportional to duration.

Question 15

ATP-CP System

Answer 15

Provides energy for resynthesis of ATP through breakdown of Creatine Phosphate (CP) without presence of oxygen.

Question 16

Fatigue

Answer 16

Physical and/or mental lethargy or exhaustion triggered by stress, exercise, overwork, illness or disease.

Question 17

Recovery

Answer 17

Overcoming or reversal of fatigue experienced as the result of participation in a training session or some form of exercise bout, where body systems repair damaged tissue and replenish energy stores.

Question 18

Anaerobic Glycolysis Systsem

Answer 18

Provides energy for the resynthesis of ATP through the breakdown of glycoge through a series of chemical reactions without the presence of oxygen.

Question 19

Metabolic By-Product

Answer 19

Substance produced as a result of chemical reactions within the body associated with the production of energy for ATP resynthesis.

Question 20

Active Recovery

Answer 20

Low intensity (60-70% MHR) activity completed at the end of an exercise session that allows the body to recover by maintaining elevated blood flow to the muscles and preventing venous pooling, gradually returning the body to its resting physiological state.

Question 21

Aerobic System

Answer 21

Provides energy for the resynthesis of ATP through the breakdown of various energy fuels (mainly glycogen and triglycerides) through a series of chemical reactions that require oxygen.

Question 22

Glycolysis

Answer 22

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

Question 23

Liolysis

Answer 23

Breakdown of triglycerides into free free fatty acids and glycerol within muscles.

Question 24

Hitting the Wall

Answer 24

Term used to describe the depletion of glycogen stores in the muscle and liver.

Question 25

Interplay of Energy Systems

Answer 25

Refers to the energy systems working together, but at different rates, to supply the ATP required for an activity.

Question 26

Lactate Inflection Point (LIP)

Answer 26

Represents the highest intensity point at which there is a balance between lactate production and removal from blood.

Question 27

Oxygen Deficit

Answer 27

The state in which there is a shortfall between oxygen supply and demand.

Question 28

Steady State

Answer 28

The state in which oxygen supply equals oxygen demand.

Question 29

Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

Answer 29

The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery after the conclusion of an exercise bout that is over and above the amount usually required during rest.

Question 30

Phosphorylation

Answer 30

The biomechanical process involving the addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound of molecule. In terms of energy systems it involves the addition of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.