Acute Responses Glossary Flashcards
Acute Responses
The body’s immediate, short-term responses that last only for the duration of the training or exercise session and for a short time period (recovery) afterwards.
Cardiac Acute Responses
When we engage in exercise, certain changes occur immediately within the cardiovascular system to meet the increased energy demands imposed on the body by the activity being undertaken.
Heart Rate (HR)
The number of contractions of the heart per minute.
Resting Heart Rate
The number of heart beats per minute when the body is at rest.
Average: 70bpm.
Max Heart Rate
The highest heart rate value achieved in a maximal effort to the point of exhaustion.
MHR = 220 - age (years)
Anticipatory Response
When the heart rises above resting values just before the start of exercise.
Stroke Volume (SV)
The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle of the heart each contraction.
Vasodilation
Process by which blood vessels increase diameter as a response to an increased demand for oxygen delivery to the muscle.
Cardiac Output (Q)
The total amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle of the heart per minute.
Q (L/min) = SV x HR
Blood Pressure
The pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial walls as it is forced through the circulatory system by the action of the heart.
Systolic Blood Pressure
The blood pressure exerted against the arterial walls during the contraction phase of the heart.
The higher value.
Diastolic Blood Pressure
The pressure exerted on arterial walls during the contraction phase of the heart.
Redistribution of Blood Flow
Changing the percentage of blood flow that is distributed to different sites of the body.
Venous Return
The amount of blood returned to the heart via the venous system.
Systemic Blood Flow
- The blood flow around the body.
- Blood leaves the left ventricle of the heart via the aorta.
- Blood travels via the arteries and capillaries to the body.
- Blood returns to the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava.
Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference (Av-O2 diff)
A measure of the difference in the oxygen concentration in the arterial blood and venous blood.
Blood Volume
The total quantity of blood in the body (plasma and cellular).
Vasoconstriction
The process where blood vessels narrow or constrict as a response to a decreased demand for oxygen delivery to the muscle.
Respiratory Responses
When we engage in exercise, certain changes occur immediately within the respiratory system. These acute responses are designed to meet the increased energy demands imposed on the body by the activity being undertaken.
Respiratory Rate (RR)
The number of breaths per minute.
Tidal Volume (TV)
The amount of air inspired and expired per breath.
Ventilation (V)
The total amount of air inspired or expired by the lungs per minute.
V = RR x TV
Pulmonary Diffusion
The process whereby oxygen is taken in via the lungs to the blood, and carbon dioxide is diffused from the blood to the lungs.
Muscular Responses
When we engage in exercise, acute responses also occur in the muscles themselves as the body responds to the increased energy demands imposed by the activity undertaken.
Motor Unit Recruitment
The number and frequency of motor units recruited for muscle contractions.
Muscle Temperature
The degree or intensity of heat present in the muscles.
Oxygen Uptake (VO2)
Volume of oxygen that can be taken up and used by the body.
Metabolic By-Products
Substances leftover from metabolic processes. E.g. hydrogen ions, lactate.
Substrate Stores
Fuel stores required for ATP resynthesis. E.g. Glycogen, Triglycerides, CP.
