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VCE Chemistry 3/4 (2023) > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

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1
Q

Accuracy

A

The degree to which a result conforms to the correct standard/value.

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2
Q

Precision

A

The degree to which results align with each other.

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3
Q

Reliability

A

The degree of certainty that a result is accurate.

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4
Q

Validity

A

Whether or not an experiment reflects or tests the research question.

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5
Q

Bias

A

Difference between the average of a large set of measurements and the true value.

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6
Q

Uncertainty

A

The degree of variation from one value to the next.

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7
Q

Personal error

A

Result from mistakes or misinterpretations of readings by the experimenter.

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8
Q

Systematic error

A

Errors in measurement varied by the same proportion from the true value (includes errors inherent to the experiment).

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9
Q

Random error

A

Errors in measurement that differ in proportion each time the experiment is conducted.

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10
Q

Pressure

A

The force of the gas on the walls of the vessel, per unit of surface area.

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11
Q

Chemical energy (enthalpy)

A

The energy contained within the various electric forces within and between species.

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12
Q

Thermal energy

A

Kinetic energy that manifests in the speed of randomly moving particles.

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13
Q

Activation energy (Ea)

A

The minimum energy required to commence a reaction.

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14
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

Has a net absorption of energy by the chemicals.

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15
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

Has a net release of energy by the reactants.

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16
Q

Fuel

A

A substance that can be reacted with other substances leading to the release of energy that can be harnessed for a specific purpose.

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17
Q

Greenhouse gasses

A

Gasses that absorb infra-red radiation, which warms the planet.

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18
Q

Renewable

A

Can be replenished at a rate quicker than it is consumed.

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19
Q

Viscosity

A

How resistant to flow a substance is.

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20
Q

Hygroscopic

A

Attracts water from the atmosphere.

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21
Q

Biogas

A

Fuel produced by the anaerobic breakdown of organic matter.

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22
Q

Bioethanol

A

Fuel produced by the fermentation of glucose in organic matter.

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23
Q

Biodiesel

A

Fuel produced by the esterification of the fats and oils in organic matter.

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24
Q

Complete combustion

A

Reaction of a substance with oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O.

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25
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

Partial burning of a substance to produce carbon monoxide (or solid carbon) and water.

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26
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons.

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27
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons.

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28
Q

Conjugate redox pair

A

Reducing agent and its corresponding oxidizing agent.

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29
Q

Galvanic cell

A

An electrochemical cell in which chemical energy from spontaneous redox reactions is converted into electrical energy.

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30
Q

Standard half cell

A

A cell consisting of both members of the conjugate redox pair and an electrode at standard conditions.

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31
Q

Spontaneous reactions

A

Reactions that occur without an external energy source.

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32
Q

Direct redox reactions

A

Reactions where the chemical species react in the same vessel.

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33
Q

Indirect redox reactions

A

Reactions where chemical species react together in separate vessels.

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34
Q

Fractional distillation

A

The separation of a mixture into its component by heating them to a temperature at which one or more fractions of the mixture will vaporize.

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35
Q

Fuel cell

A

Electrochemical cell that continuously converts chemical energy into electrical energy by a redox reaction.

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36
Q

Porous electrode

A

A feature of fuel cells which maximises the ability for gaseous reactants to come into contact with the electrolyte.

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37
Q

Collision theory

A

For a chemical reaction to occur, the reactant particles must collide with sufficient energy and with the correct orientation.

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38
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance which increases the reaction rate without being consumed.

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39
Q

Heterogenous catalyst

A

A catalyst whose physical state differs from the phase of the reactants.

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40
Q

Homogenous catalyst

A

Catalyst whose physical state is the same as the phase of the reactants.

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41
Q

Transition state

A

The state corresponding to the highest energy point o an energy profile diagram during which bond breaking and forming is occurring.

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42
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

System in which the forwards and backwards reactions are occurring at the same rate.

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43
Q

Electrolytic reaction

A

Non-spontaneous redox reaction which requires energy to proceed.

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44
Q

Overpotential

A

The difference between the calculated potential required and actual potential required to facilitate an electrolytic reaction.

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45
Q

Primary cells

A

Non-rechargeable electrochemical cells.

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46
Q

Secondary cells

A

Rechargeable electrochemical cells.

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47
Q

Recharge

A

Conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy with the application of electricity.

48
Q

Discharge

A

Conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy with the spontaneous release of electricity.

49
Q

Batteries

A

Devices consisting of cells which convert chemical energy to electrical energy.

50
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons

A

Molecules that have only single carbon-carbon bonds.

51
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Molecules that have at least one double or triple carbon-carbon bond.

52
Q

Substituents

A

Single atoms or groups of atoms which are attached to the parent carbon chain.

53
Q

Chiral compounds

A

Compounds which cannot be superimposed on their mirror image.

54
Q

Chiral centre

A

An atom with four different substituent groups.

55
Q

Flash point

A

Lowest temperature at which an organic compound gives off sufficient vapor to ignite in air.

56
Q

Volatility

A

Tendency to be vaporized.

57
Q

Addition reaction

A

Reaction where one molecule combines with another to form a larger molecule with no other products.

58
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Reaction where two molecules combine to form a larger organic molecule and a smaller molecule (usually water).

59
Q

Equivalence point

A

Where neither reactant is in excess.

60
Q

Esterification

A

Reaction which produces an ester.

61
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Reaction where water is used to break the bonds of a substance.

62
Q

Substitution reaction

A

Reaction where an atom, or group of atoms, is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.

63
Q

Base peak

A

Peak formed from ion fragments with the greatest relative intensity.

64
Q

Molecular ion peak

A

Peak formed from the un-fragmented form of a molecule (the parent ion).

65
Q

Spin state

A

Orientation of a nucleus when being placed in an external magnetic field.

66
Q

Stationary phase

A

Solid to which the components of a sample adsorb.

67
Q

Mobile phase

A

Solution which flows through the stationary phase carrying components of a sample with it.

68
Q

Adsorbtion

A

Where a component adheres to the stationary phase.

69
Q

Desorption

A

When a component is released from the stationary phase.

70
Q

Eluent

A

Combination of the mobile phase AND sample that moves through the HPLC column.

71
Q

Standard solution (titrant)

A

Solution of accurately known concentration.

72
Q

Primary standard

A

Substance used to make a primary standard solution.

73
Q

Analyte

A

Substance being analyzed in a titration reaction.

74
Q

Titre

A

Volume of the solution delivered from the burette to reach the endpoint.

75
Q

Aliquot

A

Portion of the analyte solution which is to be analyzed.

76
Q

Concordant titres

A

Volume of three or more titres that fall within approximately 0.1mL of each other.

77
Q

Endpoint

A

The point at which a colour change occurs during a titration.

78
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Amio acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body and therefore must be included in the diet.(9).

79
Q

Primary structure

A

The sequence of amino acids which make up a polypeptide.

80
Q

Secondary structure

A

The alpha-helix or beta-pleating caused by hydrogen bonding between C=O and N-H groups within the peptide link of different sections of the chain.

81
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Three-dimensional shape of the protein caused by further hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, ionic interactions, covalent crosslinks, and dispersion forces.

82
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Multiple polypeptide chains with cross-linking to fit a specific shape/purpose.

83
Q

Dipeptide

A

Product of a condensation reaction between 2+ amino acids.

84
Q

Polypeptide

A

Product of a condensation reaction between multiple amino acids.

85
Q

Metabolism

A

Breakdown of food and its transformation into energy.

86
Q

Denaturation

A

Process where proteins lose their quaternary, tertiary and/or secondary structure due to factors such as pH and temperature change.

87
Q

Active site

A

Region of an enzyme where the substrate molecule binds to the enzyme and undergoes a chemical reaction.

88
Q

Substrate

A

Molecule which an enzyme acts upon.

89
Q

Protonation

A

Gain of a proton.

90
Q

Deprotonation

A

Loss of a proton.

91
Q

Coenzyme

A

Organic molecule that attaches to the active site of an enzyme and changes the surface shape to enable that substrate to bind.

92
Q

Essential vitamins

A

Vitamins that cannot be produced by the human body and therefore must be consumed (13).

93
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Smallest building block of carbohydrates consisting of only one sugar molecule.

94
Q

Disaccharide

A

Carbohydrate formed from a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides and joined by a glycosidic linkage.

95
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Complex carbohydrates formed from the condensation of multiple monosaccharides that are joined by glycosidic links.

96
Q

Aspartame

A

Powerful artificial sweetener 200 times sweeter than sucrose.

97
Q

Starch

A

Polysaccharides made up of multiple a-glucose monosaccharides.

98
Q

Amylopectin

A

A highly branched form of starch.

99
Q

Amylose

A

Tightly coiled, unbranched form of starch.

100
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide composed of b-glucose that is indigestible to humans.

101
Q

Glycogen

A

Highly branched polysaccharide made up of glucose monosaccharides that is used by animals for energy storage.

102
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch.

103
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Fatty acids that cannot be produced by the human body and therefore must be included in the diet. (2).

104
Q

Fats

A

Lipid molecules that are solid at room temperature.

105
Q

Oils

A

Lipid molecules which are liquid at room temperature.

106
Q

Lipids

A

Fats and oils.

107
Q

Fatty acid

A

Carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain.

108
Q

Omega carbon

A

Carbon atom of the methyl group at the end of the carbon chain (opposite end to the carboxyl group) in a fatty acid.

109
Q

Omega-3 fatty acid

A

Fatty acid with a carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end.

110
Q

Omega-6 fatty acid

A

Fatty acid with a carbon-carbon double bond on the sixth carbon from the omega end.

111
Q

Monounsaturated fatty acid

A

Fatty acid which contains only one carbon-carbon double bond.

112
Q

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

A

Fatty acid which contains more than one carbon-carbon double bond.

113
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Fatty acid which contains only carbon-carbon single bonds.

114
Q

Oxidative rancidity

A

The breakdown of unsaturated fatty acids into aldehydes and ketones in the presence of oxygen.

115
Q

Antioxidant

A

Oxidized in preference to another substance, preventing it from going rancid.

VCE Chemistry 3/4 (2023) (2 decks)

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