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IRM > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Data with only two distinct values, often representing yes/no or true/false.

A

Binary data

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2
Q

Data consisting of whole numbers without fractions or decimals.

A

Integer data

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3
Q

Data including both integers and numbers with fractions or decimals.

A

Real numbers data

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4
Q

A scale categorizing data into distinct categories without inherent order.

A

Nominal scale

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5
Q

A scale categorizing data into distinct categories with implied ranking.

A

Ordinal scale

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6
Q

A scale measuring data with equal intervals but lacking a true zero point.

A

Interval scale

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7
Q

A scale measuring data with equal intervals and a true zero point.

A

Ratio scale

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8
Q

A measure accurately assessing the intended concept or property in research.

A

Valid measure

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9
Q

A measure consistently yielding similar results upon repeated testing.

A

Reliable measure

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10
Q

Research collecting data from a sample at a single point in time.

A

Cross-sectional research

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11
Q

Research collecting data from the same individuals/groups over an extended period.

A

Longitudinal research

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12
Q

Research comparing measurements within the same group or subjects.

A

Within-group design

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13
Q

Research comparing measurements between different groups or subjects.

A

Between-group design

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14
Q

Research involving observing and describing phenomena without direct manipulation.

A

Observational research

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15
Q

Research involving manipulating independent variables to study their effects.

A

Experimental research

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16
Q

Research resembling experimental designs but with limited control over variables.

A

Quasi-experimental research

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17
Q

A sample representing the entire population of interest.

A

Population-based sample

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18
Q

A sample chosen for ease of access, not necessarily representative.

A

Convenience sample

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19
Q

A group meeting specific criteria or conditions for inclusion in a study.

A

Stratisfied sample

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20
Q

Systematic distortion of sample results due to non-random participant selection.

A

Sampling bias

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21
Q

A specific inquiry addressed in a research study.

A

Research question

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22
Q

Testable statements or predictions about variable relationships in research.

A

Hypothesis

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23
Q

Manipulated variable in an experiment, affecting the dependent variable.

A

Independent variable

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24
Q

Measured variable in an experiment, showing the response to changes in the independent variable.

A

Dependent variable

25
Q

Synonym for dependent variable, representing observed results.

A

Outcome variable

26
Q

Variable used for predictions in statistical analysis.

A

Predictor variable

27
Q

Summary of data showing how often each value occurs.

A

Frequency distributions

28
Q

Summary of data indicating accumulation of values up to a certain point.

A

Cumulative distributions

29
Q

Measure representing the typical or central value, e.g., mean, median, mode.

A

Central tendency

30
Q

Measure of the asymmetry of a probability distribution.

A

Skew

31
Q

Measure of “tailedness” or peakedness of a probability distribution.

A

Kurtosis

32
Q

Symmetrical probability distribution with a bell-shaped curve.

A

Normal distribution

33
Q

Statistical methods to summarize and describe data.

A

Descriptive statistics

34
Q

Statistical methods to draw conclusions from data.

A

Inferential statistics

35
Q

Mathematical representation of real-world phenomena for analysis.

A

Statistical model

36
Q

Standard score measuring the number of standard deviations from the mean.

A

Z-score

37
Q

Probability value assessing statistical significance of an observed effect.

A

p value

38
Q

Measure of strength/magnitude of a relationship or difference in analysis.

A

Effect size

39
Q

Probability of detecting a true effect in a statistical test, related to sample size and significance level.

A

Power

40
Q

Statistical method to test if an observed effect is statistically significant.

A

Null hypothesis testing

41
Q

Confidence level in rejecting the null hypothesis based on p values.

A

Statistical significance

42
Q

Predetermined significance level used in hypothesis testing.

A

Alpha value

43
Q

Incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis (false positive).

A

Type I error

44
Q

Failing to reject the null hypothesis by failing detect a true effect

A

Type II error

45
Q

Measure of data spread in a dataset.

A

Standard deviation

46
Q

Statistical test assessing data normality.

A

Shapiro-Wilk test

47
Q

Test statistic computed in the Shapiro-Wilk test to evaluate data normality.

A

W statistic

48
Q

a situation where the variability of a statistical distribution’s data points is consistent or constant across different levels or categories of the independent variable.

A

Homoscedastic

49
Q

a situation where the variability of a statistical distribution’s data points varies across different levels or categories of the independent variable.

A

Heteroscedastic

50
Q

A pattern or relationship in which values consistently increase or decrease, but not necessarily at a constant rate.

A

Monotonic

51
Q

a graphical representation used to display the distribution of a continuous variable. It shows the estimated probability density function of the variable.

A

Density plot

52
Q

a graphical representation used to display the distribution of a dataset by dividing it into intervals and showing the frequency of data points falling into each interval.

A

Histogram

53
Q

a graphical representation that displays the distribution of a dataset, showing the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum values.

A

Box Plot

54
Q

a graphical representation that combines aspects of a box plot and a kernel density plot to show the distribution and density of the data at different values or categories.

A

Violin plot

55
Q

a comprehensive and structured synthesis of relevant research studies on a particular topic or question, using predefined criteria and methods to minimize bias and provide a reliable summary of evidence.

A

Systematic review

56
Q

a preliminary or exploratory review that aims to map and identify the existing literature on a specific topic, helping to clarify key concepts, gaps, and potential areas for further research.

A

Scoping review

57
Q

an informal and subjective summary or overview of existing literature on a particular topic, often presented in a descriptive or storytelling style without using systematic or rigorous methods.

A

Narrative review

58
Q

a statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of multiple independent studies on a particular topic to obtain an overall quantitative summary or effect size, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the subject.

A

Meta-analysis

IRM (8 decks)

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