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A&P > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

abdomen (AB-doh-men)

A

body area between the diaphragm and pelvis

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2
Q

abdominal (ab-DOM-ih-nal)

A

relating to the abdomen

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3
Q

abdominal cavity (ab-DOM-ih-nal KAV-ih-tee)

A

the cavity containing the abdominal organs

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4
Q

abdominal muscles (ab-DOM-ih-nal MUS-els)

A

muscles support-ing the anterior aspect of the abdomen

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5
Q

abdominal quadrants (ab-DOM-ih-nal KWOD-rants)

A

four topographic subdivisions of the abdomen determined by two imagi-nary lines dividing the body through the navel—one vertical, one horizontal; health professionals use these designations to help locate specific internal organs

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6
Q

abdominal regions (ab-DOM-ih-nal REE-juns)

A

nine topographic subdivisions of the abdomen determined by four imaginary lines configured in a tic-tac-toe pattern; anatomists use these named regions to identify the location of internal organs

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7
Q

abdominal thrust (ab-DOM-ih-nal thrust)

A

emergency procedure in which sudden pressure on the abdomen of a person who is chok-ing may dislodge material from the airway; formerly called the Heimlich maneuver

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8
Q

abdominopelvic cavity (ab-DOM-ih-noh-PEL-vik KAV-ih-tee)

A

the single cavity containing the abdominal and pelvic organs

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9
Q

abdominopelvic quadrant (ab-DOM-ih-noh-PEL-vik KWOD-rant)

A

any of four regions formed by dividing the abdominopelvic cavity by an imaginary cross formed by a vertical and horizontal line

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10
Q

abdominopelvic region (ab-DOM-ih-noh-PEL-vik REE-jun)

A

surface area of the body related to the abdominopelvic cavity

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11
Q

abduct (ab-DUKT)

A

to move away from the midline of the body (or region)

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12
Q

abduction (ab-DUK-shun)

A

moving away from the midline of the body (or region); opposite motion of adduction

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13
Q

ablation (ab-LAY-shun)

A

destruction or cutting; for example, the intentional destruction of atrial muscle tissue to treat atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter

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14
Q

ABO system (ay bee oh SIS-tem)

A

human blood classification system based on RBC antigens (A, B, AB, and O) and their correspond-ing antibodies

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15
Q

abruptio placentae (ab-RUP-shee-oh plah-SEN-tay)

A

separation of a typically positioned placenta from the uterine wall; may result in hemorrhage and death of the fetus and/or birth mother

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16
Q

absorption (ab-SORP-shun)

A

passage of a substance through a membrane, such as skin or mucosa, into blood

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17
Q

accessory organ (ak-SES-oh-ree OR-gun)

A

an organ that assists other organs in accomplishing their functions

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18
Q

acetabulum (as-eh-TAB-yoo-lum)

A

** socket** in the hip bone (ox coxae or innominate bone) into which the head of the femur fits

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19
Q

acetyl CoA (ah-SEET-il koh ay)

A

a molecule important in the me-tabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; converted into CO2 and H2O while forming ATP and releasing hydrogen ions and their electrons

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20
Q

acetylcholine (ACh) (as-ee-til-KOH-leen)

A

) chemical neurotransmitter acid (AS-id) any substance that, when dissolved in water, contributes to an excess of H1 ions (that is, a low pH)

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21
Q

acid-base balance (AS-id bays BAL-ans)

A

maintaining the concen-tration of hydrogen ions in body fluids

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22
Q

acidic (ah-SID-ik)

A

having the nature of an acid (a pH lower than 7.0)

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23
Q

acidosis (as-ih-DOH-sis)

A

condition in which there is an excessive amount of acid in the blood and thus an unusually low blood pH; opposite of alkalosis

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24
Q

acne (AK-nee)

A

a bacterial infection of the skin characterized by red pustules formed when hair follicles become infected

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25
Q

acne vulgaris (AK-nee vul-GAR-is)

A

inflammatory skin condition affecting sebaceous gland ducts; see comedones

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26
Q

acquired immunity (ah-KWYERD ih-MYOO-nih-tee)

A

) immunity that is obtained after birth through the use of injections or expo-sure to a harmful agent

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27
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (ah-KWYERD IM-yoo-noh-deh-FISH-en-see SIN-drohm [aydz])

A

disease in which the human immunodeficiency virus attacks T cells, thereby compromising the body’s immune system

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28
Q

cromegaly (ak-roh-MEG-ah-lee)

A

condition caused by hypersecre-tion of growth hormone after puberty, resulting in enlargement of facial features (e.g., jaw, nose), fingers, and toes

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29
Q

acrosome (AK-roh-sohm)

A

specialized structure covering the sperm head containing enzymes that break down the covering of the ovum to allow entry

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30
Q

actin (AK-tin)

A

contractile protein found in the thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle

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31
Q

action potential (AK-shun poh-TEN-shal)

A

nerve impulse

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32
Q

active transport (AK-tiv TRANS-port)

A

movement of a substance into and out of a living cell requiring the use of cellular energy

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33
Q

acute (ah-KYOOT)

A

intense; rapid onset, short in duration—as in acute disease

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34
Q

acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) (ah-KYOOT LIM-foh-sit-ik loo-KEE-mee-ah)

A

type of acute (rapid onset and progression) blood cancer common in children 3 to 7 years of age; character-ized by cancerous transformation and increased numbers of B lymphocytes

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35
Q

acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (ah-KYOOT MY-eh-loyd loo-KEE-me-ah) type of acute (rapid onset and progression)

A

blood cancer most common in adults; characterized by cancerous transformation and increased numbers of myeloid precursor cells

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36
Q

adaptation (ad-ap-TAY-shun)

A

condition of many sensory receptors in which the magnitude of a receptor potential decreases over a period of time in response to a continuous stimulus

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37
Q

adaptive immunity (ah-DAP-tiv ih-MYOO-nih-tee)

A

a system of immunity with memory of a specific antigen and the ability to respond to that antigen, in contrast to the nonspecific nature of innate immunity; another name for specific immunity

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38
Q

Addison disease (AD) (AD-ih-son dih-ZEEZ)

A

disease of the adre-nal gland resulting in low blood glucose, weight loss, weakness, increase in blood sodium, and decrease in blood potassium

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39
Q

adduct (ad-DUKT)

A

to move toward the midline of the body (or region)

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40
Q

adduction (ad-DUK-shun)

A

moving toward the midline of the body (or region); opposite motion of abduction

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41
Q

adductor muscle (ad-DUK-tor MUS-el)

A

any of several muscles that adduct a joint, moving a body part in from the side (lateral) and thus toward the midline (median or midsagittal plane) of the body or of the body region; for example, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles contract together to pull the arm toward the trunk, thus adducting the shoulder joint

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42
Q

adenine (ADD-eh-een)

A

one of several nitrogen-containing bases that make up nucleotides, which in turn make up nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA; in the cell, it can chemically bind to another nitrogenous base, thymine (T or t) or uracil (U or u), to form a more complex structure or in translating genetic codes; symbolized by the letter A or a; see also guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

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43
Q

adenocarcinoma (ad-eh-noh-kar-sih-NOH-mah)

A

cancer of glandular epithelium

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44
Q

adenofibromas (ad-eh-noh-fye-BROH-mahs)

A

benign neoplasms formed in epithelial and connective tissues

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45
Q

adenohypophysis (ad-eh-noh-hye-POF-ih-sis)

A

anterior pituitary gland, which has the structure of an endocrine gland

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46
Q

adenoid (AD-eh-noyd)

A

literally, glandlike; adenoids, or pharyngeal tonsils, are paired lymphoid structures in the nasopharynx; see also tonsil

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47
Q

adenoma (ad-eh-NOH-mah)

A

benign tumor of glandular epithelium

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48
Q

adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency (ah-DEN-oh-seen dee-AM-ih-nayse dee-FISH-en-see)

A

rare, inherited condition in which production of the enzyme adenosine deaminase is defi-cient, resulting in severe combined immune deficiency (SCID); first human condition treated by gene therapy

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49
Q

adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (ah-DEN-oh-seen dye-FAHS-fayt)

A

molecule similar to adenosine triphosphate but containing only two phosphate groups

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50
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (ah-DEN-oh-seen try-FAHS-fayt)

A

chemical compound that provides energy for use by body cells

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51
Q

adipose (AD-ih-pohs)

A

fat tissue; specialized tissue that stores lipids

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52
Q

adiposity (ad-ih-PAHS-ih-tee)

A

alternate name for overweight and obesity, an excess amount of fat (adipose tissue) in the body

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53
Q

adiposity-based chronic disease (ABCD) (ad-ih-PAHS-ih-tee baysd KRON-ik dih-ZEEZ)

A

alternate diagnostic name for over-weight and obesity, meant to emphasize their complex nature as a chronic condition that burdens the homeostatic/allostatic mechanisms of the body

54
Q

adolescence (ad-oh-LES-ens)

A

period of life between puberty and adulthood

55
Q

adrenal cortex (ah-DREE-nal KOR-teks)

A

outer portion of adrenal gland that secretes hormones called corticoids

56
Q

adrenal gland (ah-DREE-nal gland)

A

gland that rests on the top of the kidneys, made up of the cortex and medulla

57
Q

adrenal medulla (ah-DREE-nal meh-DUL-ah)

A

inner portion of adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

58
Q

adrenergic fiber (ad-ren-ER-jik FYE-ber)

A

any of the axons whose terminals release norepinephrine and epinephrine

59
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (ah-dree-noh-kor-teh-koh-TROH-pic HOR-mohn)

A

hormone that stimulates the adre-nal cortex to secrete larger amounts of hormones

60
Q

adult polycystic kidney disease (ah-DULT pah-lee-sis-tic KID-nee dih-ZEEZ)

A

hereditary condition characterized by development of multiple cystic spaces in one or both kidneys that often fill with clear fluid or blood

61
Q

adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (ah-DULT RES-pih-rah-tor-ee dis-TRES sin-drohm)

A

relative inability to inflate alveoli easily; caused by impairment or removal of surfactant fol-lowing accidental inhalation of destructive substances

62
Q

adulthood (ah-DULT-hood)

A

period of life after adolescence

63
Q

aerobic (air-OH-bik)

A

requiring oxygen

64
Q

aerobic training (air-OH-bik TRAYN-ing)

A

continuous vigorous ex-ercise requiring the body to increase its consumption of oxygen and develop the muscles’ ability to sustain activity over a long period

65
Q

ferent (AF-fer-ent)

A

carrying or conveying toward the center (e.g., an afferent neuron carries nerve impulses toward the central ner-vous system); opposite of efferent

66
Q

ferent lymphatic vessel (AF-fer-ent lim-FAT-ik VES-el)

A

any small lymphatic vessel that carries lymphatic fluid toward a lymph node; compare to efferent lymphatic vessel

67
Q

afferent neuron (AF-fer-ent NOO-ron)

A

neuron that conducts im-pulses toward the central nervous system; generally a sensory neuron

68
Q

age (ayj)

A

how old an organism is, usually measured from time of birth, hatching, or formation as an independent organism

69
Q

age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (ayj ree-LAY-ted MAK-yoo-lar dih-jen-uh-RAY-shun)

A

progressive deterioration of macula lutea of retina causing loss of central visual field

70
Q

agglutinate (ah-GLOO-tin-ayt)

A

antibodies causing antigens to clump or stick together

71
Q

aging process (AYJ-ing PRAH-ses)

A

the gradual degenerative changes that occur after young adulthood as a person ages

72
Q

agranular leukocyte (ah-GRAN-yoo-lar LOO-koh-syte)

A

class of white blood cell (leukocyte) that does not exhibit granules when stained; includes monocytes and lymphocytes; also called non-granular leukocyte or agranulocyte

73
Q

agricultural scientist (ag-rih-KUL-cher-al SYE-en-tist)

A

scientist who studies the growing of crops

74
Q

AIDS-related complex (ARC) (AYDS ree-LAY-ted KOM-pleks)

A

early manifestation of AIDS that produces fever, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes in those whose immune systems are less deficient than those with full-blown AIDS

75
Q

albinism (AL-bih-niz-em)

A

recessive, inherited condition character-ized by a lack of the dark brown pigment melanin in the skin and eyes, resulting in vision problems and susceptibility to sunburn and skin cancer; ocular albinism is a lack of pigment in the layers of the eyeball

76
Q

albumin (al-BYOO-min)

A

one of several types of proteins typically found in blood plasma; it helps thicken the blood; most abundant protein in blood; major contributor to blood osmotic pressure

77
Q

aldosterone (AL-doh-steh-rohn or al-DAH-staiyr-ohn)

A

hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water

78
Q

alimentary canal (al-eh-MEN-tar-ee kah-NAL)

A

principal tubelike structure of the digestive system extending from mouth to anus—sometimes called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

79
Q

lkaline (AL-kah-lin)

A

base; any substance that, when dissolved in water, contributes to an excess of OH2 ions (thus creating a high pH value)

80
Q

alkaline phosphatase (AL-kah-lin FOS-fah-tays)

A

enzyme present in blood plasma in high concentration during certain liver and malignant bone marrow conditions

81
Q

alkalosis (al-kah-LOH-sis)

A

condition in which there is an excessive proportion of alkali (base) in the blood; opposite of acidosis

82
Q

allele (uh-LEEL)

A

a variation or “another form” of a gene

83
Q

allergen (AL-er-jen)

A

harmless environmental antigen that stimu-lates an allergic reaction (hypersensitivity reaction) in a suscepti-ble, sensitized person

84
Q

allergy (AL-er-jee)

A

hypersensitivity of the immune system to rela-tively harmless environmental antigens

85
Q

all or none (all or nun)

A

principle that a process will occur at its maxi-mum or not at all, once it begins

86
Q

allied health professions (AL-ayed helth proh-FESH-unz)

A

fields of health-care work such as therapists, medical assistants, techni-cians, and others, who are not physicians or nurses

87
Q

alloimmunity (al-oh-ih-MYOO-nih-tee)

A

excessive reaction of the immune system to antigens from a different individual of the same species; sometimes called isoimmunity

88
Q

alopecia (al-oh-PEE-sha)

A

clinical term referring to hair loss

89
Q

alpha cell (AL-fah sel)

A

pancreatic cell that secretes glucagon

90
Q

alveolar duct (al-VEE-oh-lar dukt)

A

airway that branches from the smallest bronchioles; alveolar sacs arise from alveolar ducts

91
Q

alveolar sac (al-VEE-oh-lar sak)

A

sacs in the lungs that arise from the alveolar ducts and resemble a cluster of grapes

92
Q

lveolus (al-VEE-oh-lus) (pl., alveoli [al-VEE-oh-lye])

A

literally, a small cavity; alveoli of lungs are microscopic saclike dilations of terminal bronchioles

93
Q

Alzheimer disease (AD) (AHLZ-hye-mer dih-ZEEZ)

A

brain con-dition of the middle and late adult years characterized by loss of memory and dementia

94
Q

ameba (ah-MEE-bah) (pl., amebas or amebae)

A

protozoan of chang-ing shape capable of causing infection

95
Q

amenorrhea (ah-men-oh-REE-ah)

A

absence of healthy menstruation

96
Q

amine (AH-meen)

A

category of signaling molecule that includes norepinephrine (NE), dopamine, and serotonin

97
Q

amino acid (ah-MEE-no AS-id)

A

structural units from which pro-teins are built

98
Q

amniocentesis (AM-nee-oh-sen-TEE-sis)

A

procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is removed with a syringe for use in genetic testing, perhaps to produce a karyotype of the fetus; com-pare with chorionic villus sampling

99
Q

amniotic cavity (am-nee-OT-ik KAV-ih-tee)

A

cavity within the blastocyst that will become a fluid-filled sac in which the embryo will float during development

100
Q

amphiarthrosis (am-fee-ar-THROH-sis)

A

slightly movable joint such as the one joining the two pubic bones

101
Q

amylase (AM-eh-lays)

A

enzyme that
digests carbohydrates; see
salivary amylase

102
Q

anabolic steroid (an-ah-BOL-ik STAIR-oyd)

A

a lipid molecule of the steroid variety that acts as a hormone to stimulate anabolism (specifically protein synthesis) in body tissues such as muscle (e.g., testosterone)

103
Q

nabolism (ah-NAB-oh-liz-em)

A

process in which cells make com-plex molecules (e.g., hormones) from simpler compounds (e.g., amino acids); opposite of catabolism

104
Q

anaerobic (an-air-OH-bik)

A

requiring no oxygen

105
Q

anal canal (AY-nal kah-NAL)

A

terminal portion of the rectum

106
Q

anaphase (AN-ah-fayz)

A

stage of mitosis; duplicate chromosomes move to poles of dividing cell

107
Q

naphylactic shock (an-ah-fih-LAK-tik shok)

A

circulatory failure (shock) caused by a type of severe allergic reaction characterized by blood vessel dilation; may be fatal

108
Q

anaplasia (an-ah-PLAY-zhee-ah)

A

growth of atypical (undifferentiated) cells, as in a tumor or neoplasm

109
Q

anatomical position (an-ah-TOM-ih-kal poh-ZISH-un)

A

the standard neutral reference position for the body used to describe sites or motions of various body parts; gives meaning to directional terms

110
Q

anatomist (ah-NAT-oh-mist)

A

professional engaged in the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts

111
Q

anatomy (ah-NAT-oh-mee)

A

the study of the structure of an organ-ism and the relationships of its parts

112
Q

androgen (AN-droh-jen)

A

term meaning “male sex hormone”; for example, testosterone

113
Q

andropause (AN-droh-pawz)

A

cessation of fertility in older adult typical males; not well-defined in humans

114
Q

anemia (ah-NEE-mee-ah)

A

deficient number of red blood cells or deficient hemoglobin

115
Q

anesthesia (an-es-THEE-zhah)

A

loss of sensation

116
Q

aneurysm (AN-yoo-riz-em)

A

atypical widening of the arterial wall; an-eurysms promote the formation of thrombi and also tend to burst

117
Q

angina pectoris (an-JYE-nah PEK-tor-is)

A

severe chest pain result-ing when the myocardium is deprived of sufficient oxygen

118
Q

angiogram (AN-jee-oh-gram)

A

medical image of vessels produced by angiography

119
Q

ngiography (an-jee-AH-graf-ee)

A

radiography in which radiopaque contrast medium is injected into a vessel to make it more visible in a medical image (angiogram); in arteries, the image is called an arteriogram; in veins, a venogram or phlebogram; in lymphatic ves-sels, a lymphangiogram

120
Q

angioplasty (AN-jee-oh-plas-tee)

A

medical procedure in which ves-sels occluded by arteriosclerosis are opened (i.e., the channel for blood flow is widened)

121
Q

Angstrom (ANG-strum) 0.1 mm (1/10,000,000,000 of a meter or about 1/250,000,000 of an inch); abbreviated Å

A
122
Q

anion (AN-aye-on)

A

negatively charged particle; a negative ion

123
Q

anorexia (an-oh-REK-see-ah)

A

loss of appetite (a symptom, rather than a distinct condition)

124
Q

anorexia nervosa (an-oh-REK-see-ah ner-VOH-sah)

A

behavioral eating condition characterized by chronic refusal to eat, often related to an unusual fear of becoming obese

125
Q

antagonist (an-TAG-oh-nist)

A

any agent that has the opposite effect of the agent to which it is compared; for example, a hormone antagonist opposes the effect of the compared hormone

126
Q

antagonist muscle (an-TAG-oh-nist MUS-el)

A

a muscle having op-posing actions to another muscle; for example, muscles that flex the arm are antagonists to muscles that extend it

127
Q

antebrachial (an-tee-BRAY-kee-al)

A

relating to the forearm

128
Q

antenatal medicine
(an-tee-NAY-tal MED-ih-sin)

A

medicine

129
Q

anterior (an-TEER-ee-or)

A

front or ventral; opposite of posterior or dorsal

130
Q

anthrax (AN-thraks)

A

bacterial infection caused by Bacillus anthracis, ordinarily affecting herbivores (sheep, cattle, goats, antelope) and often killing them; rarely it occurs in humans through accidental or intentional exposure to bacterial spores through inhalation or skin contact; inhalation anthrax is life-threatening but can be treated successfully with medication; cutaneous anthrax is less serious, characterized by a reddish-brown patch on the skin that ulcerates and then forms a dark, nearly black scab, followed by muscle pain, internal hemorrhage (bleeding), headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting

131
Q

anthropology (an-throh-POL-oh-jee)

A

science of human origins, culture, characteristics, society, and beliefs

132
Q

antibiotic (an-tih-by-OT-ik) compound usually produced by living organisms that destroys or inhibits microbes

A

antibody (AN-tih-bod-ee) substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a specific substance (antigen) that has en-tered the body

A&P (10 decks)

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